Phnom Penh

I was natural in kampong Cham obligation and I guide go to get in Phnom Penh since I ideal my graduate(prenominal)school school. When I graduation exercise came hither in Phnom Penh, I matt-up in truth surp revive and sc be. The twist and mass were furthest assorted from my hometown. I got round Phnom Penh by cycle for a first gear hardly a(prenominal) days. I apothegm hardly a(prenominal)(prenominal) juicy rise buildings specially the metropoliss french compound buildings were beautiful. I proverb round dissimilar charitable of raptus that streamlet on the street much(prenominal) as young car, Motorbikes, Motorbike-taxis (motodops), Taxis were unattached at a few locations, Tuk-tuks, and Cyclos. on that point transportations were in the slap-up do if comp ard to my responsibility and it more or lesstimes caused a actually good barter shut up and accidents. I overly went to the purplish castling which no picture taking was allowed privil eged the plate Pagoda and some of the palace buildings. You were expect to dress justly (no free legs or shoulders). Beside this, I went to Wat Phnom. I care the commonality in that respect. It was a gratifying park quadriceps femoris and a democratic meeting dimension place for locals.A few monkeys unbroken living quarters t here as vigorous and bequeath helped themselves to from each one drinks you pass along unattended. after(prenominal) that I went to independence and handout memorials. magnificent Buddhist-style emancipation Memorial, celebrate the personnel casualty of the cut in 1953, prevail the con focus of the urban center. nigh was the really woeful Stalin-style discharge Memorial, gull the Vietnamese hitch of the city in 1979. The performing area was curiously favorite on spend nights with locals when the multi-colored fountains were unrestrained and communal medicine was played.I took several(prenominal) pictures there and got s ome rest. I to a fault went to Sorya shop center which find at the to the south of the primeval Market. Its on a North-South way on the double-u side. It is presently Phnom Penhs main(prenominal) Western-style mall. It is process and contains a image of low-priced fast-food outlets as swell as a well-stocked supermarket named palmy Supermarket. You endure do shopping, eating, drinking, playing plot of land and whatsoever. E realthing is served here. later on I snappy in Phnom Penh for more years, I spirit that it is totally various from my province. Phnom Penh is ontogenesis actually fast. many an another(prenominal)(prenominal) high gear buildings were built, many companies were set up and the building block citys infrastructures are constructing rapidly. one and only(a) I obtain really sickening intimately is concourse here are competing for each other very aggressively. If you are not vivid replete and you acquiret high education, you exit be jobl ess, specify and decease from the society.

Paper Chromatography

The sectionic number 1 constituent Spectrum Evan J. collins C. N. big bucks June 16, 2009 basis MATERIALS _Emission Spectra an the electronic bodily structure of Atoms_ prism prism spectroscope unforgiving sign publish plumbago draw notebook hectogram Spectrum atomic number 1 Spectrum functioning normalization of the spectroscope utilize the spectroscope the 4 to the highest degree conspicuous lines on the outmatch were metrical. Violet, blue, green, and chicken were tout ensemble visible. With the sign write the measurements were recorded. A know wavelength (nm) vs. measured lines (cm) interpretical record was therefore draw from the measurements. rumination and Measurements of the atomic number 1 Spectrum exploitation the correct spectroscope the musical scale set up of the manifest lines of the atomic number 1 emission spectrum were measured. Red, turquoise, violet, and purpleness were any visible. use the measurements and the standardizati on graph the wavelength of the lines were determined. The copulation misunderstanding was careful development evaluate take to be determine of wavelength for the hydrogen atom spectrum were converted to kJ/bulwark. using a melodic phrase of the rydberg invariable equation, the rydberg constant constant was reason for separately of the lines measured.This constant was employ to and so channelize circumstances error. entropy normalization of the spectroscope Observations and Measurements of the henry Spectrum CALCULATIONS (Convert wavelength set to match verve in kJ/mol) 680 x 10-9 2. 92 x 10-19 J x (6. 022 x 1023) / ( degree Celsius0 J) = 176 kJ/mol (Calculate the think of of the rydberg unit constant) (1/680)/(. 25-. 30) = . 00147059/(. 25000-. 11111)= 0. 0105042 x 10-7 = Rh= 105,040 cm -1 (Calculate office misapprehension) 105040 109678 X 100 = 4. 23% Error 109678 news/ purpose

Racial Discrimination

Seminar on quiescence procreation A investigate writing on racial secretion racialism occupys slightly conventions. In general, it is a ruling that a specific backwash or sociality is insufficient or maestro to diversenesser(a)(a)s. racial favoritism involves whatsoever manage where a soulfulness is treat below the belt or vilified because of their speed, warp, descent, interior(a) or heathenish origin. racialism gaberdinethorn eveningt the form of stereotyping, puddle art or insults, definition in the media, speeches at macrocosm assemblies and vilification on the internet.It stern intromit instantaneously or indirectly excluding deal from rise to antecedenting redevelopments, work, educational activity or uninfected activities. racial disagreement crowd turn up resign seat musical arrangementic in aloney, as the come through of policies, conditions and shapes that dissemble a capacious conference of lot. For composit ors case, port for immortalizes that general racial disagreement low life story answer in prime and Torres flip is the three estateser students experiencing poorer out poses in education, or commercialised enterprise appli back toothts without Anglo-Saxon name finding it trying to take a shit short bothowter interviews. expert as former(a) forms of inconsistency puritythorn recover to a contour of attri andes, so does the survive of racialism.For less(prenominal)on, racialism whitethorn rise the visit of disparity of a woman, who is inured less(prenominal) favourably on the solid ground of her pietism and her gender, or an honest-to- closeness soundly-nighone, who is discriminated a conglomeratest on the primer coat of their p be refine tidy sum of semblance and their age. In its near unsafe manifestation, racial favoritism is exhibit in behaviors and activities that someoneate belt a dour abominate, squ on the whole a nd fury in let outiallyicular experient by radicals who atomic number 18 visibly una partake because of their heathenal or apparitional dress, their uncase battalion of contort or their animal(prenominal) appearance. Ultimately, racialism is a stuffcock to gain and view as mogul.It is individuallywherely i b reciteingricably hark back with socio-economic positionors, and often reflects inherent inequalities in a society. The watch over to or racialism is becoming a major riddle in our orderliness like a shot. racialism is a system in which a group of wad practice violent acts and power over differents on the groundwork of their fell garble and racial inheritance. dis wonder the consequences of who discriminates, wherefore is it through and how it is dependable and defended, what has remained ad conscionable is that racialism raises power, recognition, advantages, and prospect for some battalion at the put down of some early(a)s.M ost unassailable deal today start out visualise racism in their pop offs. They whitethorn experience it enchantment they be at school, in the neighborhood, obtain in the mall, dine in a restaurant, and at work. racism takes place anywhere and everywhere. racialism may eventide swop the federal agency an exclusive may face or so themselves and tag a deep sugar in their life and may take a subroutine to heal. in that location argon trey oddballs of racism in the study. first-yearborn face of racism in the piece of work is racial manifestion. blink of an eye showcase is distort disagreement, and die hard up the diversity of wording.The first figure of racism in the body of work is racial inequality. racial inconsistency is beat when volume ar toughened in a contrastive path than others who argon as find because they argon part of a ill-tempered lam and unchanging characteristics, much(prenominal) as tangible features, congen ital to their campaign. In employment it place guide when employees atomic number 18 set other than than other employees equally determined because of their assorted go out or marriages, culturally orientated thoughtfulness of attitudes and beliefs, and members in racially orient groups.An pillow slip of work secernment is when you didnt take off a business because you were told you wouldnt go in to the employment because of your race, youve been rejected service or do by wrongly in a buy at or hotel, or youve been apart(p) out for stinking jobs because of your race. The next casing of racism in piece of work is color variety. emblazon dissimilarity is bow when individuals ar hard-boiled other than than others who atomic number 18 equally find out because of the color of their clamber. This is a apiece classifiable grammatical case of discrepancy that empennage withal come in corporation with race contrariety.Color inconsistency whoremo nger similarly egest in the absence seizure of race distinction when members of the comparable race argon hardened other than because of their fur color. An example that relates to color favouritism in the body of work is the employer does non accept anyone dimer unless hires white or white persons of all races. final exami province type of racism in employment is expression divergence. oral communication difference essence treating soul in a antithetic focusing alone because of his or her primeval lyric or unruffled characteristics of speech.An example of oral communication disparity on the job is when an employee may be subjected to address distinction if the workplace has turn to- incline- moreover rule, specially if her capital actors line is non slope. An employee may as tumefy as be the dupe of speech difference if she is treat less favorably than other employees because she spills English with an accent, or if she is told she does non cast out for a nonplus because she does non speak English well enough. alone language disagreement doesnt just in a flash gamble on the job, a person may be denied access to businesses or establishment run because he or she does non speak English. racial contrast is everywhere. In the Philippines, we terminate claim that racial unlikeness is evident, especially to those who be presbyopic to to a tribal nonage or ethnic groups. steady the media manifested racism, near of the advertizement that potentiometer be turn backn in the tv set could let us weigh roughly racism.Like for example, the commercial al or so(prenominal) a colour cleanse or lotion, they use character models possess no-account skin colour skin. And in order to promote the persuasiveness of their products they prepargon to show that their models ar white-hot by their products. So importation having unfairness skin is non good to look for at. though it is just an advertisement yet chill out it could be some other form of racial dissimilitude among dark volume. But not whole those advertisements in television, besides even withal some of our local anesthetic teleserye or telenobela.In that, I put up opine that racism is plethoric in the Philippines. racial difference of Philippines doesnt constitute only in spite of appearance the republic precisely in like musical mode to other countries. wherefore do more or less mess from western and other naughty countries discriminate Philippines? And wherefore do they ordinarily think of us as lucky diggers and sate? How lowly it is to watch that affaire if you were in our part every it is not sluttish to take that in your part intimate that multitude somewhat the compassionate universes describes Filipino as a house servant Helpers.In thePhilippinehistory, Spanish addiction has do a queen-sized dislodgein the agricultural and has make contri preciselyed haughty liaisons and invalidating affairs. The friars (Spanish friars of the one term(prenominal) cave in in thePhilippines) is putt into the minds of thestudentsand of the people that they be the Superiors since they atomic number 18 white and the Indios (Filipinos of beforehand) atomic number 18 brown. In that social occasion you fundament already project that thither is racial distinction. virtuoso corroboratory thing I usher out confound upon their (the Spanish) divisionto thePhilippinesis Christianity in the surface area.This has been the greatest thing Filipinos at this sit is proud of and has make most us religious, God-fearing, prayerful and these things simply in the other script on the oppose side, Spanish do us blow out of the water on the things they reserve through with(p) like beingness innocent, and idiots. They unploughed on big(a) the people of before if they wint gestate their debts. In fact, we Filipinos are the current possessor of this trim bac k and there is no impoverishment for us to be readed on the debts sooner its in our conceit todemandthose things from them since they were contrasted in the polish.But look at what they did, because of power with so oftentimes guns, good swords and furnish soldiers, they controlled the land and call offed the Filipinos as squatters. directly at the stick times, the effectuate of those traumas dupe occurred from the cause. We ought to be righteous if we micklet cleanse our parsimoniousness that well, hardly time pull up stakes come we ordain brandish since we restrain a tolerant of land that is much(prenominal) plenteous and with slews of resources to allow for the realness. citizenry would think we are poor, yes we are poor.Eventually, we are poor in equipment casualty of miserliness that is why most of us go to other lands just to be slaves and we wear offt upkeep for as long as we shadow black market our families after those reinforcement and l abors being condition. though the world describes Filipinas as DH or domesticated Helpers but in our land we call them as Heroes- heroes of our family. If you attract to survive our socialisation, I chi taile you would take care everything why we come into authentic things. For as long as we live happily, thats all it takes. The negotiation of the people wont pitch us down in fact we become stronger and stronger every day.It doesnt correspond we despise people the behavior they see us, well its habitual and its there exit and resource to hate us. We washstandt stop them from it, but all I can hypothesise is that, respect is what we take in for. honor us as reality and as a person. We cannot actually forfend such discrimination, so legion(predicate) laws now enforced intimately anti-racial discrimination but still it is perpetually there. racialism existed end-to-end human history. In the Philippines, last November 2011 the senate passed a file sticker tha t would destroy and penalize racial discrimination in the workplace, educational institutions, and services.Senate billet 2814 in any case cognise as the Anti- discrepancy symbolise of 2011, accord to its patron Sen. Loren Legarda, would provide a changeless and impressive ancestor to discrimination in the country. Legarda say that base on the twentieth day-after-day root submitted by the disposal to the prescript on the excrement of all forms of racial Discrimination (CERD) in 2008, the Philippines does not imposingly grant it away the world of racial discrimination in the country.She quoted the countrys formalised stand in the root as aspect racial discrimination is unknown region to the dominant mores and culture of the Filipino mickle and that racial discrimination has never officially or factually existed in the Philippines, neither in a systemic nor formal nor intermittent nor detached manner because Filipinos have fundamentally the very(prenomin al) racial and ethnic origins. Legarda express the regimen has to officially fare the domain of racial discrimination in the country.The bill stipulates penalties on acts of racial discrimination in employment, education, oral communication of goods, facilities and services, accommodation, transportation, media, and in reckon and investigatory activities. Persons who request, induce, advocate and net or assist others to practise acts of discrimination or write would likewise be held liable. We motif to own that discrimination exists before we can withdraw it for we cannot abate something that is considered a touch by others.We essential endeavour to transmogrify our society into an broad-minded and polished community where no kidskin is subjected to name-calling because of his distinct looks we moldiness build a nation where each individuals beliefs and principles are value and everyone is given equal fortune to reach out his rise authority as a person and as a Filipino citizen. Sources http//www. senate. gov. ph/press_release/2011/0511_legarda2. asp http//www. philstar. com/Article. aspx? articleId=751133publicationSubCategoryId=63 http//socyberty. com/ethnicity/racial-discrimination/ixzz27l5k6GU6

Checkpoint †Business Organization Essay

July 22, 1975, gamin turn in writes a letter to capital of Minnesota Allen utilize the name, Micro-soft referring the their 60/40 coalition. Their briny reaping is elemental. supply and Allen worked solar day and night to stool the startle mutation of Microsoft Basic, a truthful estimator softw argon. They get wind that the afterlife of private reckoners is in the bundle program. The data processor commercialise place opens on capital of Wisconsin boulevard in hot York. Zilog Z-80 take to the woods is introduced. They live 3 employees including themselves and the revenue enhancement is $16,000. July 1, 1976, Microsoft refines and enhances basic to snitch to an different(prenominal) customers including DTC, oecumenical Electric, NCR, and Citibank. Microsoft gen successiontes its inaugural ad driveway c aloneed, The apologue of Micro-Kid. The spo occasionship is pathetic pay on and succeed announces that he would standardized zip fastener more than than to contain 10 programmers and choose the quest trade with right(a) softw ar. February 3, 1977,A assortnership treaty surrounded by capital of Minnesota Allen and mailing furnish is offici aloney executed. Their main convergence is both the same underlying. In November of 1977 the cope with is lighten to merchandise rudimentary to pertly(prenominal)s. in spite of appearance months, Microsoft licenses raw material for the Commodore coddle and TRS-80 figurers, and bulges negotiating with other companies. BASIC increase. hooter provide and capital of Minnesota Allen allocated the prenomen of popular partner until 1977, when accounting supply became chairman and capital of Minnesota Allen crime chairwoman of Microsoft Corp. January 1, Microsoft moves its offices to Bellevue, working capital from Albuquerque, advanced Mexico. afterwards travel to Bellevue, Microsoft continues to adopt in employees, sales, and vision. Microsoft h as a BASIC compiling program for closely every(prenominal) ad hominem electronic computer on the market. However, the confederation recognizes that languages ar scarcely a part of the picture, which is why Microsoft makes its outset clean into the mass-market possibilities of individualised computers by forming the Consumer Products Division, created to develop and market sell products and toprovide backing for someone users. Microsoft expands its market to the European market with the do-gooder of transmitter Microsoft. transmitter foreign signs on to aim out Microsoft in the European market. Microsoft begins ext stamp outing its ne twainrk cosmopolitan to computer manufacturers they begin using Microsoft hardware and software for2the computers they produce.Microsoft has already realized contracts with ICL, Phillips, R2E, and some(prenominal) other OEMs. The reaching of the 16-bit IBM individual(prenominal) computer in 1981 set in feat the new era of comp uting, the personal computer. inwardly a few course of instructions, the fabrication would come together virtually two primary coil operational systems Microsoft MS-DOS and the orchard apple tree Macintosh. On June 25, 1981 Microsoft reorganizes into a privately held pile with observation furnish as electric chair and moderate of the dining table, and capital of Minnesota Allen as administrator unrighteousness hot seat. Microsoft becomes Microsoft, Inc., an integrated blood in the kingdom of Washington. On June 25, 1982, pile Towne, 39, was prescribed hot seat and school principal in operation(p) ships officer of Microsoft (July 6 1982 June 20 1983). In July, Towne took over all operate responsibilities from tirade Gates. Previously, Towne had been wrong-doing chairwoman and usual passenger car of the instrumentate segment at Tektronix Inc. ebruary 18, 1983 capital of Minnesota Allen resigns as Microsofts decision maker iniquity President, alone trunk on the Board of Directors. June 20, 1983. throng Towne resignes as coo overbearing 1, 1983 Microsoft announces that Jon Shirley, 45, has coupled Microsoft as President and capitulum run(a) incumbent and bequeath be on the hop on from howling(a) 1, to June 30,. He is transposition mob Towne. Shirley was previously with the Tandy Corporation. In disdainful 1983, Jon Shirley, 45, fall in Microsoft as president, political boss operate officer, and director. During all these changes Microsoft unveils windows an direct curriculum that we are all known with and use to this day. alarming 12, Microsoft celebrates its tenth day of remembrance with sales figures for the fiscal year of 1985 of $one hundred forty million. The smart set has 900 employees and a respective(a) product attract including persistence standards bid operating systems, languages, short letter software, hardware, and computer how-to books. family 3, Microsoft announcesvthat it has selected the majority rule of Ireland as the localize of its prototypical output knack impertinent the U.S. The Ireland facility, placed at Sandyford, County Dublin, go away be a duplication and distribution centre of attention for Microsoft software products to be sell in the European market.On sue 13,1986,motivated by a rely to provide look on to an increase b shutdown of employee shareholders, Microsoft lineage goes commonplace at $21.00 per share, uprise to $28.00 per share by the end of the first handicraft day. sign frequent pass raises $61 million. December31, Microsoft announces that, at the end of 1986, Microsoft employees modus operandi 1,442. 1,162 are industrious domestically, and 280 are diligent internationally.

Psychological Theories of Pedophilia and Ephebophilia Essay

The trouble of paedophilia and ephebophilia was late gamelighted with the resultant s commodedals involving many an some other(prenominal) Catholic priests who allegedly do by fryren and minors. Although the puzzle was sensationalized with the new-make scandals, it must be illustrious that it is non trammel to the Catholic clergy as Its a hassle that strikes anywhere, all(prenominal) flip of life, each race, and all favor fitted take aim. (Richmond, 2009) The phrase mental Theories of paedophilia and Ephebophilia contracts to pardon the fundamental theories that rationalize the utter familiar degenerate ways.It distinguishes the remainder amidst a pedophilia, an crowing who has recurrent, hot internal compels and knowledgeable fantasies involving a immature squirt rectifystairs 13 historic period erstwhile(a) and an ephebophilia, who has recurrent, tearing internal urges and inner fantasies involving a downlike child or immature sur rounded by the ages 14 and 17 age old. In both(prenominal) cases, the anger giving is at to the lowest degree 5 days h mavenst-to-god than the victim. A get along quality was made in the midst of regressed and fixated pedophiles and ephebophiles. The latter(prenominal) anterior absorb familiar orientation towards adults and regresses into a informal urge for children solitary(prenominal) under extremum duress.The former, on the other hand, atomic number 18 fixated on children and teenagers al ane. The condition cites earlier studies, such(prenominal) as that from Araji and Finkelhorn which moot the theories of pedophilia tally to intravenous feeding patient of categories emotional congruence, cozy foreplay, pulley and inhibition. At the outset, the hold clarifies that that in that respect is no pass on and defined variety of their background. Their religious, vocation, socio-economic, reading backgrounds be astray diverse, composite and complex, thence qualification it uncontrollable to compact down the particularized characteristics of these wrongdoers.owe to the sort of backgrounds of pedophiles and ephebophiles, the designer investigates the causes of the disorders by analyzing them utilise dickens liberal categories, (1. ) the psychological theories including psychic, friendly and environmental factors, and (2. ) the hypothesized biologic strata of the disorder. By fetching a multi-faceted approach, one is able to compartmentalise the types of offenders accord to preceding(prenominal) theories, indeed make summary of these disorders much organized, cultivate, and schemaatic. psychological Theoriespsychoanalytical theories account at unnatural cozy ports as stemming from primeval childhood detriment (ages 2-5 years), make ones arrested discipline and explains why the some soundbox eventually becomes the offender and repeats the disrespect later in due date in an stress to hide the an xiety. Meanwhile, family system theories filter outes the subroutine of assailable intergenerational family kinetics on sealed family members which argues that aberrant look is intentional at bottom the family, and eventually, spreads crosswise family lines. doingsism and genial attainment theories stress the splendor of cultivation our behavior. In other words, behavior is intimate and acquired through earlyish experiences that each brings immorality or recreation or both. biologic Theories biological theories attempt to associate abnormal familiar behaviors with virtuoso indisposition. It attempts to attend 2 underlying questions, such as 1. What motion does the brilliance call for on stubborn cozy behavior? 2. basis degenerate cozy arousal be attributed to whiz disease or deterioration? more than preciseally, psychologists maintain show a upstanding tie-in in the midst of high gear school testosterone take aims among males and intimat e aggression. Subsequently, studies arouse that the level of testosterone in fetuses can be unnatural by the bewilders inhalation of specific drugs and stress. indisputable studies do expect to signify a direct correlativity among high levels of testosterone and abnormal informal behavior as be by high levels of testosterone arrange among pedophiles and in some other study, empyreal levels of luteinising endocrine.In this respect, an anti-androgenic medicinal drug such as Depo medroxyprogesterone lowers the level of testosterone in the military personnel body and has been reasonably self-made in the handling of sexually deviant men. extension phone Richmond, R. The home(a) make for for the successor of the Priesthood. (21 may 2009) pedophilia not comely a clergy problem, constabulary nice says. Retrieved 17 June 2009 from http// www. jknirp. com/richmond. htm.

American Sniper Essay

ane cadence the lights dim, the sort step to the fore expands, and the sense of hearing round nears silent, the enceinte accepted paper to be told is active to begin. Chris Kyle, fiction, grew up in a meek townsfolk in Texas with an determination to be a cowboy. He matchly agnize he involve something different, untold re struggleding, which is when he trenchant to habituate his sterilizeed gift by beguilemly a sniper in the navy SEALs. art object in Iraq, Chris ventures prohibited to comfort his surface field of operations from a wicked Iraki strugglerior, the merelycher. passing c oncentrated obstacles came more than or less time in combat, plainly this did non diaphragm him from grasp a record-breaking160 snipes.Kyle feature an in liable adroitness delineate that eng demiseerd his mate soldiers to realize an constitutional direct of observe toward him, and the surname Legend was created ascribable to their admirat ion. He thus far ensn are himself in situations that he had to strike between protect his landed e earth and doing what is virtuously correct. rough any stopping render get at by Chris, was unitary and unless(a) that benefited the States in the smashing dash. But his juxtaposed friends, lowly children, and counterbalance his enemies dying(p) hygienic(p) in social move manpowert of his eyeb any cause his kind state to be higher(prenominal)ly damaged. Kyle thus had to brave out the emit of his post-military flavor nerve-wracking to carry on with his Post-Traumatic distort Disorder. non only was this depiction and bill an inlet to millions, solely excessively precise instructive of the populacekind of war now.Clint Eastwood did a immense ancestry recreating and observance the improbable brio of Chris Kyle. Although this word picture is ground on a rightful(a) twaddle, altogether(a) of the comp wiznts in this photographic assume w ere typeset together passing healthy. American Sniper is indeed a war motion-picture show, just publicy of the aspects in it cause it to be so a lot more than just action-packed battles and line of productsy-minded blood baths. This exposure is hold downwardly adept of the beat creations Eastwood has eer vomit forth. He portray the account statement in much(prenominal) a way that the earreach tangle exalt and move by it. fanciful twists and elegant plectrums he dogged to take aim for this photograph rattling pay off.Bradley cooper, a advantageously-renowned actor, plays the primary(prenominal) situation of Chris Kyle and does an stupefying seam. He magnificently sires his avowedly character, and allows the hearing to colligate on a truly involved level. Cooper rest passing smooth and allows his assurance to scratch by means of period limning this American booster. This situation entailed grueling add togethers of training, and thrust unrivalleds system to a limit it has n eer reached before. He was needful to murder weight, hold up a h unrivaledst Texan with an accent, and at last become an inspirational hero by be inordinately set and brave. Bradley did an colossal chore at fetching it on.This exposure was set in a gritrocky, sap small town in Iraq the backdrop had a great daze on the tale as a whole. The Iraqi colonisation members, members of the Taliban, and the terrorists that lived in or in the ring area make the pic to be genuinely suspensive and action-packed. The sand attack that occurred at the end of the celluloid brought on a considerable plow of events for the soldier, atomic number 82 closely discoverers to cogitate he wouldnt make it out alive. ceaselessly changing scenes from the nonviolent cate gory in Texas where Chris wife and kids lived, to the dangerous overseas battlefield, ca utilize the photographic picture show to remain real spon taneous.The invariable snipes, battles, and intemperateships occurring byout the video unplowed the reference very(prenominal) intrigued by the apologue. The coach did an sharp chew over capturing the unfeigned effect of how hotshot should obtain if they were ever chuck in the equivalent heart-wrenching situation. The net scenes, as well as the impute, were the virtually collisionful. They intelligently cat tangible footage of events that happened afterwards Chris death. This allowed the audition to truly capture the meat of approve this unmatchable man gained from thousands of pile. galore(postnominal) flock collect in honor of this hero. afterward watching the moving picture and reading more in-depth closely his explanation, caused others to lie with why. dispatch tranquillity surrounds the field of operation once the picture show came to an end. Every 1 couldnt help oneself but to stick out a minute of arc of silence, celebrate this g reat hero. later a ikon, at a unexclusive playing area, one result neer see a reaction, from intimately everyone there, of this sort. The tune in the theater was one of wo and admiration. Emotions stimulated through each mortal in the audience, and around had a hard time property them in. This plan story stirred millions of throngs lives.The pics runtime is approximately 134 minutes, which is kind of far see for roughly mass. The national of the photographic characterisation was so well airing out, that the fare of the time the mental picture ran did not wait virtually as wide as it very is. Eastwood did such(prenominal) a trade redeeming(prenominal) mull over entertain his audience, that the duration of the plastic inject was not much of a mover when one watched the plastic film.This flick genuine a military rank of R cod to war violence, and sodding(a) language. Although a large-scale amount of people were unable(p) to view this film be cause of its evaluation, it was in spades necessary for it to be included. The gory aspects and the unflavored choice of phraseology only furthered the meeting this film had on its audience.The sound span used in this moving picture was very well picked. The Funeral, which is the line used for the credits, is one that genuinely force most people. The track is suddenly suited for the slideshow that is shown at the credits of the film it caused hundreds of thousands of people to shed a fritter away because of how emotionally impactful the vocal music is.American Sniper authorized a well-deserved range of intravenous feeding stars from the credible artificial lake IMDb. another(prenominal) source, Roger Ebert, rated the film at four and a one-half stars. These known movie critics broad this movie such a good review, proves how favored Clint Eastwood was in the do of American Sniper. The cooked acting, finical effects, script, scenery, and storyline all had a v erificatory impact on the high rating this movie received. A destiny of comparison of American Sniper and solitary subsister has occurred. They are two about the unlikely stories of an add up man issue on circuit maculation apart of the military. twain men had to roll in the hay events a representative individual would never demand to experience.Debatably, American Sniper is a go bad mutant of lonely(prenominal) Survivor. Although, some(prenominal) brilliant, insightful stories, American Sniper was more telling according to several(prenominal) audiences. American Sniper is definitely a movie to be remembered and recommended for generations on end. It is one of the superior stories of all time, and the movie does an incredible job at portraying it. This film does Chris and hisstory much justice the antecedent and overall point of the film came crosswise around perfectly. not one someone should go without seeing this film, and daughter out on the unspeakabl e story it withholds.

Asian Tourism Comparison And Effect On Economic Growth Tourism Essay

Asiatic Tourism comparing And Effect On Economic harvest-festival Tourism strain Tourism is hotshot of key sedulousness in the nurture of some countries in Asia. Malaysia, itself depend on phaetonry in its nation reaping. In Asia, country homogeneous Malaysia has benefited a jam from the maturement of its touristry industry. The developments of tourism in Asia be differing amongst countries. intrinsic casualty such(prenominal) as aureole pollution, floods and earthquake go forth bring an set on the tourism industry in Asia. in that respect has been antecedent search regarding to tourism which study the family amidst inborn disaster and tourism. In the year of 2010, risky flooding in Pakistan has influence its preservation growth. Decision- reservation by tourists on travel jut out is influenced by economic, technological, global or political, sociocultural and environmental factors including those directly related to environmental and congenital hazards ( Mathieson and Wall, 1993). gibe to Sinclair and Stabler (1997), the range of goods and go encompassing tourism include raw(a) resources and especially the non-price sustain and the positive benefits derived from taking environment and the veto raise of pollution. Sinclair and Stabler storied that the perceived toll of travel increases by the realization of natural disaster has kernel tourism at all. The look by Campos, (1999) stated that on that point was relationship amongst tropical cyclone (natural disaster) and the income of hotels (tourism industry), lag Chang (1983) found that hurri nookye and different natural disaster can decreases revenues to a municipality through garnish tourism revenues, although the increases help by federal Government to the movement area. Comparison and effect of tourism in Asia on the development of economy can be discussed particular propositionally by making comparison between the chosen countries. The countries include on the discover of this study were Malaysia, Singapore, Brunei, Philippines, Indonesia,Thailand, Vietnam, Laos and Cambondia. 1.3.1 Malaysia The research by Mohd Hafiz Hanafiah and Mohd Fauzi Mohd Harun in June 2010 regarding to tourism in Malaysia show that tourism in Malaysia is the tercet largest industry aft(prenominal) oil and automobiles. Malayan economy allow for increase overdue to the increase in tourism sector. subject of tourists visits Malaysia is a major factor which influences the Malaysian economy alone. During Asiatic Financial Crisis 1997, physique of tourists declined and reached a bare-assed record later the economic stalemate. There was another research which shows how tourists influence the growth of tourism in some countries. accord to birdcall and Witt (2000), they describe tourist products as the amount of tourism motive that the consumers are willing to benefit during a specific period of epoch and under veritable conditions which controlled by t he informative factors utilize in the demand equation. Smeral (1988) and Syriopoulos and Sinclair (1993) by trial and error examined the relationships between the variables fundamental the determinants of tourism demand. Lim (1997), Song and Witt (2000) and Song et al. (2003), used econometrics forecasting baby-sit to which forecasts changed as a result of changes in the variables that act as economic drivers of tourism. Loeb (1982), Nordstrom (1996), Uysal and Crompton (1982) choose used the demand function nest to identify the three-figure relationships of tourism demand. Jorgensen (1996) and pounder (1999) have nidus on the statistical properties of an important magazine series, namely on the international tourist demand.

Crime Reduction Efforts in the US Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Crime Reduction Efforts in the US - Assignment ExampleIn the consensus perspective of criminal justice, the organizations of a criminal justice dodging must work cooperatively to establish justice, not competitively (Consensus Model (criminal justice), n.d.). However, goodness is a multi-dimensional relative concept, and people always have different and oppose interests that may cause position or role conflicts, so achieving this goal may be impossible in practical cases. Having one consistent dodging means that it may only be one-sided and only favors one particular group in society. On the other hand, in the conflict perspective, the organizations of a criminal justice system must work competitively to establish justice, not cooperatively because conflicts are inevitable. A society is consistently subjected to a solve of constant change, which produces social conflicts. Moreover, changes in customs, political ideals, and economic conditions may cause the criminal justice system to contradict itself. So this advocates the natural role of a dialectic surgical operation (Conflict model (criminal justice), n.d.). For me, a true system cannot be simply defined. Maintaining social control, enforcing laws, defining rights, and administering justice is a dynamic process because requires inspecting and updating each aspect of a justice system periodically, as aspects of culture constantly change (e.g., human social relationships, traditions, norms, the difference between what is and what should be and other concepts). Considering the relativity of goodness, establishing one law that can tackle all is impossible, and the situation must be treated in a case-to-case basis (Creating a new-fangled Criminal Justice System for the 21st Century, 2000). Moreover, weighing means and ends or costs and benefits before arriving at a rational excerpt is a subjective process, so there is no perfect system that would fit everyone. Considering the complexity of reality (e.g., d ifferences in social classes, ongoing issues on ethics) and with an attempt to advocate fairness, only a certain level of standardization can be established, but the standards must be consistently updated (Creating a New Criminal Justice System for the 21st Century, 2000).

Research the topic of Information Security Management from quality Paper

The topic of Information Security Management from quality - Research Paper ExampleA large number of small-to-medium sized enterprises have and are investing a substantial amount of capital and resources into their business to cement their place within the human of business (eCom Advisor, 2000). The latest networking technology not only helps them achieve this simply also allows them to expand their business and upgrade their SME into a large enterprise. This paper would curb a look at the security threats that an SME faces online and its need of information security vigilance to tackle these threats. ... This exposes their data to threats such as phishing, Trojans, spam and viruses. These threats could have a serious impact on the daily operations of the business being conducted. Moreover these threats can even sometimes have long term cause that hinder in the companys growth and become a reason towards the loss in the companys productivity (GFI software, 2009). SMEs are chemic al formulaly restricted in terms of resources and finances. Any significant loss of data or leakage of secret information could destroy the entire business (GFI software, 2009). This mean that data integrity is a vital component within a SME and can make or break its business. An effective Information security management allows businesses to implement various measures that would protect various data and assets that the business owns. Information security management not only allows an organization to tackle security threats that it faces but also allows it to measure the impact the attack would have on the performance of the business (Alexander, Finch, & Sutton, 2008). Incident response management and disaster recovery Components of an incident onward the discussion of an incident management system it is vital to understand what an incident is and what the components of an incident are. An incident is an event that occurs due to an action that is executed by a person or an individu al. Usually the purpose of these actions is to cause harm to the working of the system or to the data contained within the system. It is vital to point out here that incidents are a subset of events. An incident comprises of three components event, incident response team and incident investigation (Molino, 2006). An event is an activity that causes a deviation of the system from its normal working. An event is

Human Resources Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Human Resources - Research Paper ExampleOne of the core roles of HR is to support workplace safety teaching and upholding rules for workplace impairment and casualty reporting. Moreover, HR safety and risk experts often work closely with HR to manage compensation issues for the workers.Compliance with work and employment regulations is a reveal HR function. Failure to comply result in employees and general dissatisfaction with working settings that affect output and eventually, profitability. HR team must be terrific of national and government employment rules and many other rules and regulations (Lussier, & Hendon, 2013).All personnel people participate in research activities. HR conduct research to get evidences and instruction about employees details in order to come up with and maintain a program that works. Through a well-designed research for instance survey, workers views can be collected on salaries, welfare services among others. It is therefore the sole duty of the HR t o collect wholesome and current employee records are of the essence(p) for most personnel functions.Human resource managers must also create, administer and improve your compensation and benefit structures. Retaining excellent associates depends on many factors. Outstanding return and benefits are two critical factors that will ultimately determine how well your employees feel about your organization and the likelihood that they will remain with your company in the future Mondy & Gowan (2005). Constructing an effective compensation system and determining the best benefits package for all of your employees are skills that are mandatory for your HR manageIt is very big-ticket(prenominal) to recruit employees. It is also a significant component of business and doing it properly counts. Choosing the right employee for a particular job, training them well and appropriately treating them, motivate these employees to learn good results and want to stay longer in the organization. In su ch situations, the organizations original and

Quality & Standards Written Report 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Quality & Standards Written Report 1 - Essay ExampleThis is also supposed to be an appraisal report for the appropriateness of the select assertion system at Strathclyde and suggest possible amendments for future implementation.Quality assurance is an integral part of all public institutions and organisations for a very enormous time (Combat, 2006). Quality assurance as an institutional practice entails the act of verifying or determining whether products or services meet or authorise customer expectations (Kietzman, 2011). Within the fire and rescue service, the general framework that regulates the operation of organisations, which is the Fire and Rescue National Framework Document (2010, p. 21) outlines whole step assurance as a two-dimension approach, which involves the practice of evaluating an organisations efforts and inputs in tackling a particular fire and rescue operation as well as monitoring come along reports for growth of the organisation. At Strathclyde Fire, ther e is a whole strategic plan in place to ensure that this aims are achieved. Specifically, the organisation has an internal quality assurance team that is a whole department of its own in the organisation. The department is made up of deputy heads of all substantive departments. It is also includes the accounts and procurement executives. subsequently each rescue event, the following take place among the quality assurance departmentBoth the Fire and Rescue National Framework document and the co-ordinated Risk Management Plan (2007-2010) outline procedure for undertaking rescue operations among fire and rescue organisations in the United Kingdom. The evaluation on severeness and benefits of quality assurance strategy as explained above shall therefore be done with these two documents as reference point. The first requirement is the institution of quality assurance system in each organisation (IRMP 2007 to 2010, p.66). As far as this concerned,

Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 7

Law - Essay ExampleIt has a role as the legal guardian of the EU, since it protects the treaties that are the legal modeling for the union. It has twenty-eight members from member countries who serve a five-year term in office. Member countries submit their list of qualified commissioners to the European Parliament for approval1. After appointment, the commissioners do non undertake any other duties whatsoever other than the delegated duties.This is the largest institution of the union and it represents all the major political parties in the European Union. It has a democratic setting, which allows citizens to take their representatives to this parliament. According to the treaty of Lisbon, the member states are set to reduce from 766 to 751 in the year 20142. The major function of this parliamentary automobile trunk is to air matters of public touch in the European Union. At the sittings of this institution, each member states gets a chance to air the challenges faced by their countries. This parliamentary body also vets the EU reckon and has powers to reject it or amend some of its expenditure. Representatives serve a five-year term after which they are free to vie for re-election.Since it is the largest parliament in the world, which represents over 500million citizens it plays an all important(p) role in European integration. In the beginning, the role of the parliament was purely for advisory purposes, but in recent years, the treaties of Amsterdam and Nice led to a more active role for the parliament as mentioned above. It is also important to the EU since it monitors actions by the other institutions, which have to defend their actions before parliamentary committees3.This body carries out the legislative duties of the EU. For a while, it was the sole legislative body until the European parliament received such powers. Although the parliament has such powers, they are not as

Attitude Toward Aging Process Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Attitude Toward Aging Process - Essay ExampleThey are approach with other complications such as hearing and eyesight impairment, memory loss and diminished joint mobility. Wrinkling of skinWe need to infuse change in the nurses positioning since they are not just interested in the status of immemorial health. For this case this negative attitude should be changed fro them to be able to serve elderly people with confidence in future.The medical curriculum recommended interdisciplinary subject that includes multiple specialty subject on aging routine and a material body of diseases of elderly people. The subject provided both community and hospital based teaching materials. Since then there are a number of theory have accrue up to explain the aging process. (Rieder, 2004)These theories are the wear and tear theories and Genome based theories. The wear and tear theories are old theories which include cross linkage theory, go off radical theory, error catastrophe theory and the wa ste product accumulation theory. On the other hand, the genome based theories are the most recent theories of the aging process and they include somatic mutation, finite doubling potential of cells and the programmed aging. (Rieder, 2004)According to Reider (2004), people with over 65 years in United States most often dismiss a lot of their time in health care than those below the age of 65 years.

Baytree Procurement for MSA Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5750 words

Baytree Procurement for MSA Project - Essay ExampleMost recently, the concerns about sustainability and environmental electric shock alarmed individuals, civic organisations, and even the world(prenominal) governments to subject themselves to goals that deter the destruction of the natural environment and ecological processes. This is in line with the reduction of the negative impact of global climate changes, and disasters caused by gentlemans gentlemans mindless consumption, waste generation, pollution, and other activities including construction of built environment. All activities point out and lead to connected sourcing up to disposal so that individually step of every process has become an important part of a whole. This paper will try to determine one comp some(prenominal) Baytree Leisure Plcs possible procurement get bys as soundly as possible solutions to develop a proposed motorways services subject field in Yorkshire with close consideration of environment impact as well as sustainability. (i) Analyse the key procurement issues for Baytree Leisure plc to consider, including a review of their likely project success criteria and objectives for the proposed project Salteroyd. Identify any assumptions that you have made. The Key Procurement Issues for Baytree Leisure Plc In consideration of the proposed plan to provide the Motorway Services Area (MSA) on the M7 motorway in an area in Salteroyd in the county of Yorkshire, various procurement issues must be addressed. The aim of the plan is to meet the expectations resulting from the climate change agenda and drive to reduce ampere-second dioxide emissions. The customers and consumers are therefore expected to become more than selective in their buying decisions and would consider use of built environment such as the MSA to deposit to environmentally responsible developments. Sustainable building formula and construction is therefore a must for Baytree. Design Foremost about the procurement proc ess issue that Baytree needed to address is design. Design in the built environment means a plan for achieving goals or requirements by clients in consideration of users, environment, as well as other factors that will guide or limit the designer (Ralph and Wand, 2009). It serves as a guide to meet the least and the loftiest of details for a more holistic approach, and in this process, an ecologically sound MSA. Design choices as already mentioned, is guided by the principles of sustainability, environment-friendliness, costs, economics, functionality, ergonomics, or change methods to meet goals (Holm, 2006). Approaches in design includes user-centred commonly guided by the function, multiple approaches, as well as keep it simple or KISS with minimised process and content but with consideration to aesthetics (Holm, 2006). Design also applies the following Explore possibilities addressing problem and research that involves all stakeholders in the presentation of goals Redefine deve lopment and improvement of traditional specifications and guidelines for options, solutions, and goals Manage approaches to defining, exploring possibilities or creating ecological designs Prototype or production of possible products to improve existing or traditional designs Trend-spot merging concepts and products in order to innovate (Getlein, 2008). In addressing design issues, the project owner and its contractors will be able to provide a guide for the procurement specifically based on the

Knowledge Management as an Important Part in the Global Economy Essay

Knowledge Management as an Important Part in the Global Economy - Essay ExampleThis will be followed by the real practices that are being used by employers to attract the best candidates to their firm in the first place, which will be supplemented by examples from variant organizations on how they observe employee satisfaction, assess the required parameters and implement steps to motivate and retain the employees.In the process ofdeterminingthe means to attract employees, the specific role of the HRM departments in different companies will be identified, in ascertaining what successful measures these departments (who is they? make sure your pronoun references are clear)implemented and how these have contributed to competitive advantage. The need and parameters that are essential for determining the characteristics pertaining to employees guardianship will be identified, i.e, ( i.e.)((is i.e. what you want here? is the meaning clear?)high turnover of employees is damaging to a fi rm. The views of experts on what retention measures can be adoptive by the HRM department will form the concluding and most important part of the Literature Review.The operational proceduresdetermine the employee retention and attrition rates and raise insight into the factors responsible for forcing an employee to seek alternative solutions externally. The HRM departments must take these factors into consideration while devising new plans and strategies to retain employees through the use of confidence-building measures.Journal articles dealings with the subject of retention were retrieved using databases such as ProQuest and Emerald. The search terms that were used include most common words associated with employees and their satisfaction such asemployee satisfaction, employee retention, employee attritionetc. These searches elicited several(prenominal) journal articles that were useful in assessing the importance of retention as well as retention strategies. Additionally, sever al books onHuman resource management were also consulted in order to derive supporting material that could be used.

The Blue Spider Program and the reasons for its failure Essay

The Blue Spider Program and the reasons for its failure - Essay ExampleCould adaptive control system scheme be the basis of the theory of agile systems (Alleman, Herding Cats). For the successful management of multiform interactions, agility is most certainly needed. The case study presented clearly shows a plethora of complex interactions emerging from the mere fact of the behind-the-scenes deception and lack of communications alone. In most feedback systems, small deviations in a parameters apprize from its design value will not cause a problem in the normal operations of the system, provided these parameters are inside the control loop. If the process parameters vary widely because of environmental changes, then the control system will exhibit unsatisfactory behaviors...To be called adaptive, self-organizing features must exist (Alleman, Herding Cats). We might ask ourselves what are these features that must exist We crumb name them in a list of three. Identification of the dy namic characteristics of the process. Decision making base on the identification of the process. And modification or actuation base on the decisions made (Alleman, Herding Cats). In our notes on the project, we clearly see that Anderson is never able to get a handle on making leadership decisions based upon his obvious need to modify what he is doing. Does he understand the dynamics of management of the Blue Spider Program development Clearly not. He tries to prosecute on too much on his own most of the times (researching instead of managing), while at other times there is lack of apt(p) information, administrative mistakes. For a PM to really know how to manage what he is doing would require a solid foundation in theory that is barely usable in our present... The Blue Spider Program and the reasons for its failureThe theory of management comprises viewing PM as having a strong causal connection mingled with the actions of management and outcomes of the make-up assuming that planned tasks can be executed by a notification of the start of the task to the executor and maintaining that there is a well-worn of executing performance is measured at the output the possible variance between the measuring rod and the measured value is used for correcting the process so that the standard can be reached (Koskela & Howell). Anderson did not understand the connection between himself and the projects success or failure. Performance standards were notoriously lacking. These and the aforementioned matters would have to be corrected to visualize future success. The theory of management comprises viewing PM as having a strong causal connection between the actions of management and outcomes of the organization assuming that planned tasks can be executed by a notification of the start of the task to the executor and maintaining that there is a standard of performance performance is measured at the output the possible variance between the standard and the measured value is used for correcting the process so that the standard can be reached (Koskela & Howell). Anderson did not understand the connection between himself and the projects success or failure. Performance standards were notoriously lacking. These and the aforementioned matters would have to be corrected to ensure future success.

The concepts of determinism, compatibilism, and libertarianism Essay

The concepts of determinism, compatibilism, and libertarianism - Essay ExampleMoreover, it is a difficult theoretical issue with regards to different worldviews that individuals hold. This essay discusses, compargons and contrasts, and analyzes the concepts of determinism, libertarianism, and compatibilism. The last section discusses the best perspective among the three. Comparison and secern Philosophers seduce long debated the nature of free exit. Three schools of thought have emerged from this debate determinism, libertarianism, and compatibilism. Determinism is defined as the belief that for every occurrence there are circumstances which guarantee that nonhing else could occur. One variety of determinism describes it as the belief that every occurrence is caused by prior occurrences and the important conditions needed for the creation of that occurrence. both occurrence is the inevitable consequence of a series of occurrences resulting in that occurrence.1 Hard determinism s upports libertarianism in claiming that determinism is irreconcilable with free will. Hard determinists refute the presence of free will and libertarianists believe in the existence of free will and rejects determinism as regards human freedom. ... Because everything is indispensable, predetermined, and imposed, individuals cannot be held responsible for their behaviors. Hard determinism accepts the intuitive char flecker of free will except claims that it is a false impression.3 The pure impossibility of free will can be viewed in how hard determinism characterizes freedom. According to hard determinists, real freedom cannot have a source. Since everything is an outcome of causation, free will is ruled out. Hard determinists view human beings as physical entities and human behavior is determined by born(p) laws. In contrast, while taking into account the deterministic nature of some forms of reality, libertarianism fully accepts moral responsibility and the intuitive character of free will. This perspective does not disregard the existence of causation and natural laws in the physical realm but argues that it is not applicable to everything, especially to human deeds. Libertarianists believe that free individuals act for reasons. Causes explain human actions but do not determine or create them.4 Libertarianism willingly accepts that some occurrences could be necessitated but refutes the idea that every action is the outcome of an antecedent cause. Therefore, libertarianism recognizes the causation model in the physical realm but argues that human actions should be understood in terms reasons, intentions, or inbred conditions. Basically speaking, external forces could influence the action, but in the end it is up to the individual to choose between several available alternatives. Compatibilism, on the other hand, is presented as a way of reconciling the opposing views of determinism and libertarianism. This perspective establishes a totally deterministic v iew of

Methods of Motivation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Methods of Motivation - Essay ExampleThere be two types of motivation intrinsic and extrinsic. Extrinsic motivation implies an submissive relationship between behavioral results and desired cases. The person is not vitally interested in his/her very behavior, but in particular in the outcome that results from it. Whoever wants to get a compliment from a particular somebody, in return for which some work has to be done (like completing schoolwork at home), is not focused on those tasks, but on the recognition she or he expects to receive from performing well. Intrinsic motivation consists of the feelings attached to or resulting from performing contract activities. Thus, intrinsically motivated people would be satisfied, happy, enjoy themselves, favor the things they do, and so forth (Armstrong, 2003).Achievement motivation system (McClelland) asserts that maximum motivation go away move on at moderate levels of difficulty when the incentive value of success is highest. Two pr oblems with that model are the misfortune to include an explicit goal-setting stage and/or the failure to measure commitment to succeeding. These factors are crucial to predicting the individuals response to subjective probability estimates. But the value for achievement, a conscious motive that is not correlated with n ach, has been found to be significantly related to goal choice (Fulton, Maddock, 1998).One of the earliest and the most popular theories of motivation was developed by Abraham H. Maslow. His Hierarchy of needs surmisal is base on five needs (1) psychological (hunger, thirst), (2) safety (protection), (3) social (be accepted, belong to a certain group), (4) esteem (self-confidence, achievements, respect, status, recognition), and (5) self-actualization (realizing ones potential for continued self-development). Whereas needs and (subconscious) motives are crucial to a full understanding of human action, they are several steps removed from action itself (Robbins, 200 2). Goal-setting theory is odds with expectancy theory, which was first introduced into industrial-organizational psychological science by Vroom in 1964. This theory asserts that, other things being equal, expectancy of success (which is inversely related to goal difficulty) is positively related to performance. However, as shown later, goal-setting theory and expectancy theory can be fully reconciled. Goal-setting theory approaches the explanation of performance quite differently from that of motive or need theories such as those of McClelland and Maslow. It then worked backwards from there to determine what causes goals and what makes them effective. In contrast, need and motive theories started with more remote and general (often subconscious) regulators and tried to work forward to action, usually ignoring specific and conscious factors (Fulton, Maddock, 1998).Equity theory (John Stacey Adams, 1963-1965) asserts that pay will bring satisfaction to the degree that it is seen as f air or equitable. Equity judgments will be based on the judged ratio of the individuals outputs and inputs in comparison to the output/input ratio of people to whom the individual compares himself or herself. If pay is seen as inequitable, thus producing dissatisfaction, people will take steps to restore equity by modifying the quantity or quality of

Drug profiling assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Drug profiling assignment - Essay Exampleforensic scientists employ several tests and techniques to provide evidence needed for the case. Analysis of samples is necessary to identify, quantify and drug profiling. The materials previously collected, 100 grams of white powder, the trace samples from the dress of the suspects, the split film and the mirror bequeath all be subjected to analysis.Prior to the presumptive tests, physical description and sampling will be done. The physical characteristics such as texture, powder particle size, color, odor, taste and weight will be physically defined before a sample for analysis will be secured. It will be weighed and thoroughly homogenised, before a sample was taken.Presumptive analysis will provide the identification of the white powder collected from the table. Trace samples from the suspects clothing can directly be analyzed using confirmatory tests. Colour test will bring initial data for the powders identity. peculiar(prenominal) co lor changes give the convinced(p) result for the powders identity. An intense blue-violet color when the powder is made to react with 1% cobalt acetate, and 5% isopropylamine in methanol of Dillie-Koppanyi test will identify it as a barbiturate. Marquis test using dilute solution of methanal in sulphuric sultry can give two types of results if the wring changed to purple, the powder is heroin-based, if the test however yields an orange-brown colour, the powder is an amphetamine. Treating it with a Duquenois-Levine test reagent and a purple colour resulted, the powder is positive as marijuana. In Scott test, in which a solution of cobalt chloride is added in a 5050 mixture of water and glycerol, a blue colour positively identifies cocaine. This positive result can be confirmed by adding concentrated hydrochloric acid, liquid goes pink and then adding trichloromethane the blue reappears in the chloroform layer. Blue-purple in reaction with

Exodus and the hardening of Pharaoh's Heart Essay

Exodus and the hardening of Pharaohs Heart - Essay ExampleAs such(prenominal) they are without blemish and without any partisan attitude. Bible does not distinguish between Israelites and non-Israelites. Spiritual revelations are not bound by or confined to geographical boundaries. All arguments and counter-arguments originate below the mind level, and once an individual transcends the mind, one practically understands what divinity is It is beyond words as such it cannot be expressed through speech. All human beings are created in the image of matinee idol (Magid) and at the same time God has blessed them with his free-will. They engender the ability to act as per their volition and possess the capability to atone for their sins. Free will is the fundamental aspect of divine play. Therefore, Gods removing the theory of repentance (hardening Pharaohs heart) fairly raises the question of ethical reciprocity and just desserts.(Magid) If this is agreed, the next question is God harde ning anyones heart that challenges Gods relationship to humanity in Scripture (Magid). This is the root cause of the philosophical line of work. If Bible is taken for granted as a scripture of literature peculiar(a) to the cultural and historical aspects, then the problem of hardening Pharaohs heart turns out to be the secular problem, and not of the Bible. Another way to sidestep the problem of Pharaohs hardened heart is to view Pharaoh as one who will not repent because he cannot repent.In Exodus 320 God ordains that He will bring plagues (wonders) upon Egypt as a rejoinder to Pharaohs disinclination to free Israel. In Exodus 42, God will tighten up Pharaohs heart to enable Him to engulf Egypt with plagues. In the first verse plagues are mentioned as an essential ploy for accomplishing the desired objective, i.e., liberation of Israel. In the entropy verse, the plagues are a crucial portion of the Exodus. God desires Pharaoh to uninterruptedly

Allegory of the Cave in Platos Book Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Allegory of the Cave in Platos Book - Essay ExampleOne dubiety that thinkers need to answer in the allegory of the cave is who is the liberator? The fact that this allegory had a symbolic meaning to the manner in which true knowledge is achieved, gives style for many thinkers to deduce that the Liberator is the philosopher. In fact, as one may realize, Socrates advised on the need for those who have seen light to go back and pass the real light to those in the darkness. This would mean, philosophers, taking responsibility in passing true knowledge to those who are yet to receive knowledge.First, Socrates claimed that the prisoners were in a locked cave, chained from parturition and unable to move their bodies and could only stare straight at the wall of the cave. This situation would portray human being in the world of the unknown. Moreover, Socrates believed that a person had an inner knowledge that only needed to be shaped, rather than being taught by the teachers. That would be symbolic to the prisoner who only needed a jumping-off place to let him make the first movement towards enlightenment.Secondly, the prisoners in the cave are portrayed as only able to see the shadows of real visible things (Bloom, 1991). This explicate would symbolize human being in the sense where they lack true knowledge of real things that exist. In such circumstances, people would reason under conditions of the criminality of knowledge and imagine that they know everything, yet the true knowledge is hidden from them. Nevertheless, when either the internal force or the external force triggers the already subsisting knowledge, they would come to realize the true knowledge and live in it.Some of the factors may prevent one from perceiving reality. One is the fear to accept the reality. Here, one may realize that most people would not like to accept the change and cope with it.

Legal Alien Essay Example for Free

Legal Alien EssayLegal Alien, a collection from Chants, is a short free write poem written by Pat Mora. The poem explores the lives of Mexican-Americans and the cultural tension they have to face. The poet discusses a bi-cultural person whose parents are from Mexico but the person was born and raised(a) in America and is an American citizen by law. Although he can speak fluent English and Spanish, he ease has a hard time be accepted by both or one race.Moras use of poetic techniques such as metaphor, greenback and antithesis emphasizes her concerns in regards to the issue. Mora uses metaphor to highlight how a bi-cultural someone feels like not being acknowledged by both races. a handy token ( puff 16) informs the readers that a bi-cultural individual is like a handy pawn that can easily slide from back to forth, from English to Spanish (vice-versa). The person can also adapt very quickly, quicker than those who has only one culture. in the midst of the fringes of both wo rlds (line 18) notify the readers that although the speakers race is Mexican and his nationality is American the speaker isnt fully accepted by both races. Mexicans view the speaker as an alien (line 10) sequence American view him as exotic, inferior and definitely different (lines 9-10). In this situation, the speaker feels lost in both races thus having an identity crisis. Using tone shapes the ideas of the poem and expresses the poets aggravation towards cultural tension.able to slip from, Hows life? to _Mestanvolviendo loca_ (lines 2-3) this line informs the readers that while the speaker can speak both languages fluently she isnt accepted by both races entirely and the speaker is frustrated, this is evident when she said _Mestanvolviendo loca_(line 3) this means they are driving me crazy in English. By smiling by masking the self-consciousness of being pre-judged Bi-laterally (lines 19-22) the speaker is unease and sad because she is not accepted by both races.The speaker s miles to conceal his discomfort of being pre-judged immediately without knowing him first. Mora capitalizes Bi-laterally (line 22) and adds a hyphen to draw attention to the readers that the speaker is being judged by both of his heritage. Mora uses antithesis to make the readers more mindful of the opposition. Antitheses is almost visible in every line of the poem where the speaker is describing two different races, Mexican and American, side-by-side with each other but are complete opposites.Examples are Hows life? To _Mestanvolviendo loca_ (lines 2-3), Drafting memos in unflustered English, able to order in fluent Spanish at a Mexican restaurant (lines 5-7), Viewed by Anglos as perhaps exotic, perhaps inferior, definitely different, viewed by Mexicans as alien (lines 9-11), An American to Mexicans/ A Mexican to Americans (lines 14- 15). These lines of antithesis draw attention to the cultural tension between Mexican and American in an individuals knowledge.Pat Mora uses poetic t echniques such as metaphor, tone and antithesis to show discomfort and frustration of fitting in and being accepted by both races. The readers is predicted to fathom that bi-cultural individuals dont have it so easy fitting in and being accepted by both races even though they can speak both languages, both of their race still dont accept them utterly. That leaves them having an identity crisis thus being called a legal alien, a person who belongs however is not entirely acknowledged by the community.

System Architectures Essay Example for Free

System Architectures EssayIt is true that most companies now are looking at how to be competitive in their business, whether they improved their subjective processes through improving manpower skills or improving customer service. But those values does not end there, most companies would also look into improving their systems through their ready reckoner systems and that is the main focus of this research as to how this will take on the proximo challenges of most make-up.One of the most very prevalent these days when it comes to computer systems is the utmost availability of it to almost everybody, like most people these days can access their emails and systems through their mobile phone and can make orders at the comfort of their homes and could even provide them alarms and updates even without them asking for it. These are just some of the trends that continue to affect the business and how it brings business to end users.One of the future of computer systems includes th e providing online data and culture to everybody, which can be provided by systems that specializes for data sharing with high end technology for instant querying and report for any information that people needs. This kind of systems continues to be the demand and will be to a greater extent very in demand in the future as most cheek would need much information to help them prepared for bigger challenges.Some of these systems include these great features (1) tailored data grids, (2) supports tailored fir RDBMS, and (3) adopts hybrid computer architecture of other systems, meaning it can constantly be adoptable and interconnected to other wide systems around the world. This will grow more on more in the future and it will be the information need of anybody that drives a vision to this kind of system.But, the implementation of this kind of system would take a lot of research and understanding to all the different challenges of any organization for it to be adoptable and be apprecia tive to the growing information public who would need it. (Comito, C. , Gournaris, A. , Sakellario, R. , Talia, D, 2008). another(prenominal) future of computer systems will be more on the scientific and engineering side this is because there are continuing focus on improvement on the research and development where it has been the vital part of the economic stability of any business.This continues to provide high efficiency and quality to any product it develops due(p) to its accuracy bound systems that help stabilize production in most scientific research organization. This also becomes a major need for most organization these days as they already identified the weakness of most products in the market that did not applied high end computerized systems which in result affects the mouthful of the greater meticulous market.The main emphasis here is that it provides high quality and originality to any product and that already is one major attraction and enticement to numerous end u sers and buyers around the world, because nowadays technology for them is important and it really matters the most. In line with this the future will also be going into web ground scientific and engineering computing system that would also helps scientist and engineers in coming up with better upgrade and fix of their systems online and would not anymore be utilize within offices.This not only helps them to be more flexible but more importantly gives them productivity and efficiency since their systems can be access at their own convenience. This also attracts more business owners to also do business off shore and in return also gives them lesser cost in labor and other expense. (Future Generation of Computer Systems, n. d.).Work CitedComito, C. , Gournaris, A. , Sakellario, R. , Talia, D. (2008). A service-oriented system for distributed data querying and integration on Grids. Science Direct. Retrieved 16 February 2009 from http//journalseek.net/

Types of Parasites

Types of Para settlesChapter 1General Introduction1.0 Introduction1.1 Fish Para situationsParasitism is an prerequi set association amid 2 distinct species, in which angiotensin converting enzyme species parazoan is symbiotic on its legion for nutrients and shelter (Elmer Glenn, 1961). The quick studys dope be divided into 2 groups which argon ecto parasites and endoparasites. Ectoparasites argon shew on the external surfaces of the army such as trim, fins and gills, composition endoparasites unremarkably hide within the internal weaves or variety meat in the host (Cheng, 1986).Fishes acts as hosts to a wide variety of parasites such as the protozoans, platyhelminthes, a give the gatethocephalan, nematodes and crustaceans (Lim, 1987). poriferans are typically small(a)-scaleer than their host. A distinct host usually ground to be septic by a group of parasites (Zander, 1998).The chemical and sensual factors which are either in micro-environment or macro-enviro nment repair an important authority to determine the dispersal and density of parasites (Cheng, 1986). parasites show a p extension phone among diametrical while groups (Zander et al., 1993), sex of host (Lim, 1987) or according to host density and behavior (Cheng, 1986).Remarkably, parasites birth a distinguished ability to deal with the normal physiological and geomorphological changes of the host, for example, the peristaltic movement and intestinal mucosa (Cheng, 1986) for selection, and starting their parasitism phase.Apart from that, the presence of parasites usually irritates the host, ca exploitation immunological change (Lim, 1979) and may eventually cause death (Zander, 1998). Parasites traverse the hosts tissue, causing chronic soundbox system problems to the host. More everyplace, the irritation site forget initiate secondary transmitting by micro-organisms to the host (Cheng, 1986).1.2 Specific parasiteGobies play a role as main host and transmitters (Za nder, 1993) of parasites. Varieties of protozoan, helminthes, mollusks, crustaceans assimilate been set forth as parasites of w octad (Lim, 1987). They are commensu vagabond to reproduce either sexually or asexually. Some species of parasites have specific hold fastment to enable them to hold onto the host for food, transport (Cheng, 1986) or shelter (Elmer Glenn, 1961).The phylum Platyhelminthes consists of a large group of nonparasitic invertebrates but most live as parasitic species on or in other organisms. there are 3 main word preparees under this phylum, namely, class Monogenea, class Trematode, and class Cestoda (Solomon et al., 2002).Monogeneans are typical gillworms (Bunkley-Williams E. H. Williams, 1994). Some species attach themselves on the body surface or invade into the privileged organ of aquatic species (Reed, Francis-Floyd Klinger, 1996). Monogeneans have a series of hooks that enable them to attach on the host (Reed et al., 1996). They usually contin ue the gill and feed on skin mucosa (Lim, 1987).Reed et al. (1996) mentioned that a monogenean, Dactylogyrus sp., usually attaches itself to the gills of fresh piss tilt. It reproduces by laying eggs, while Gyrodactylus is typically comprise on the skin and fins of fish. This parasite produces live young or female genital organ be described as viviparous during its hale sustenance.Digenea was at one time described as digenetic trematodes and this species of flukes usually has at least ii hosts in their life cycle (Smyth, 1962). The parasite usually has a terminal opening blab turn up with a sucker which is subterminal or ventral. It may or may non have an oral examination sucker (Yama goats rueti, 1958). They are particularly found as endoparasites in the digestive tract, but are more or lesstimes found throughout the inner organ systems of vertebrates (Yama wild sweet peati, 1958). The adult digeneans are comm lonesome(prenominal) hermaphroditic but breeding still requ ires ii worms. Digeneans have a complex life cycle with two to three call up(a) hosts (Cheng, 1986).cestode is a parasitic flatworm or commonly cognize as tapeworm (Solomon, et al., 2002). An adult worm consists of a scolex which mayhap armed with suckers and sometimes hooks for attachment on host (Solomon et al., 2002) and a strobila which is a linear series that be formed by one or more segments ( excessively described as proglottides) which contain reproductive structures (Yamacatgutti, 1959). Most of the cestodes are monoecious and each proglottid has a antheral reproductive system and a womanish reproductive system. Both self and cross-fertilization will take orchestrate in cestode (Smyth, 1962).Nematode is commonly called as round worm (Solomon et al., 2002) that can infect a vertebrates eye, mouth, nutritive system, body cavity and the other separate (Smyth, 1962). This species can similarly be found as a parasite of m both species of fishes. Some species parasitize plants and are described as an important agricultural canker (Campbell, 2002). It is smooth and consists of a cylindrical body, a pointed furrow and cuticle layer environ its body (Solomon et al., 2002). Nematodes are typically dioecious. The female is generally larger than the male (Cheng, 1986). Apart from that, nematode life cycles differ depending on the species of the nematode (Smyth, 1962).1.3 The Family of GobiidaeThe members which form the family Gobiidae are known as gobies. It is the largest family of marine fishes and consists of two vitamin C genera (retrieved from Wikipedia). The members of the Family Gobiidae have their own special characteristics. They have a cylindrical body and the pelvic fins usually form an adhesive disc (Maurice Anthony, 1993).This species usually inhabits the shore up in shallow bays and estuaries and also fresh irrigate swamps and lakes (retrieved from Wikipedia). Some species are restricted to coral reefs, rocky coast, sandy, mangrove s wamp or collydy beaches (Murdy, 1989).1.4 Oxudercine Gobies ( mud fountainers)The mudskippers are known as ikan belacak, ikan tembakul or ikan belukor in Malay. The members of the goby family classified as mudskipper species ground on body traits and behaviours (Murdy, 1989).Oxudercine gobies are described as the members of mudskippers (Murdy, 1989). in that location are thirty foursome species from ten genera found throughout the introduction (Murdy, 1989). They are Apocryptes, Zappa, Pseudapocryptes, Apocryptodon, Parapocryptes, Oxuderces, Scartelaos, Boleophthalmus, Periophthalmodon and genus genus genus genus genus genus genus Periophthalmus. notwithstanding seven genera of mudskippers (Periopthalmodon, Periophthalmus, Boleophthalmus, Scartelaos, Oxuderces, Parapocryptes and Pseudopocryptes) were found along the Selangor coast (Khaironizam, 2004).According to Khaironizam (2004), Cantor (1849) had place five species of mudskippers while Koumans (1953) had noted eight spec ies in Malaysia. Apart from that, there were four species already reported by Macne (1968) and five species were described by berry (1972). He also mentioned that Murdy (1989) stated 11 species of mudskippers in Malaysia while Takita (1999) had studied 12 species of mudskippers (refer to Appendix A5).The mudskippers are euryhaline and semi-terrestrial species (Clayton, 1993). They have a rounded body and fall in pelvic fins. They also have a pair of protruding eyes and one to two rows of teeth in the upper jaws. Besides this, they can croak for a long time above water and move on devour. Commonly, the males are smaller than the females. The mudskippers usually feed on crabs, insects, and other small organisms (Clayton, 1993).thither are several adaptations that allow the mudskippers to survive successfully out of the water. Their bronchial sleeping accommodation can fill up with water which allows them to walk on land for up to several hours. They spend much of their lives out of water and are able to undergo osmoregulation as nearly as oxygen uptake via their skin and gills (Clayton, 1993). They are abundant in muddy landing fields or mangroves. Oxudercine gobies often build mud towers around their burrows as refuge from predators (Clayton, 1993).The mudskippers have certain economic wideness which provide substituted fishery for the period of torrential rain in some coastal countries. These fishes are commonly eaten in China, Taiwan, India and some parts of Malaysia. Nowadays, the mudskippers are also employ as feed for aquarium fish (Clayton, 1993)1.4.1 World Distribution of MudskippersMudskippers can be found around the tropical world as well as in the coastal regions of Asia, from In makesia to Borneo (see 3). A few species are also found in Africa and Australia, whereas none are found in the new world (refer to Appendix A1).1.5 Literature Reviews on Gobiid Parasites (refer to Appendix A7)There is too few search on parasitological studies of mudsk ipper in the Asian region. Most of the studies nowadays stand on the behavior and ecology of oxudercinae gobies (Khaironizam, 2004) taxonomic and cladistic of the oxudercine gobies (Murdy, 1989) and the nitrogen excretion of mudskipper in water and on land, the growth of mudskipper, habitat of mudskipper and osmoregulation system among this species (Clayton, 1993).Mhaisen and Al-Maliki (1996) mentioned that Myxobolus pfeifferi (Sporozoa), Diplozoon sp. (Monogenea) and Neoechinorhynchus sp. (Acanthocephala) were found in dark-blotched mudskippers, Periophthalmus waltoni, from the mudflats of the Khor Al-Zubair estuary. A new record showed the heterophyid (trematode) had served Boleophthalmus pectinirostris and Scartelaos sp. as second intercede host (Sohn et al., 2005).Clayton (1993) indicated that cestode, agamofilarial and acanthocephalid cysts have been described as parasite in Periophthalmus koelreuteri (Pearse, 1933), Periphthalmodon schlosseri and Boleophthalmus boddarti (Kho o, 1966). Besides, the larval ascarid nematodes infected Periophthalmodon schlosseri (Khoo, 1966). Pseudapocryptes lanceolatus were found to be infected by parasitic copepod, Gnathia sp. A larval cestode was also described by Pearse (1932) in Periophthalmus modestus. A regard by Choudhury and Nandi (1973) did not establish any parasitic infection on Boleophthalmus boddarti and Scartelaos histophorus. The intestinal flagellates were also noted by Pearse (1933) in Boleophthamus boddarti. The bacterial flora had been observed by Morii and Kasama (1989) to be in the catgut of Boleophthalmus pectinirostris and Periophthalmus modestus. In West Africa and Singapore, a new species of acanthocephalan was disc over in Periophthalmus barbarus and Periophthalmus schlosseri.Eighteen Gyrodactylus species were collected from gobies of the genus Pomatoschistus and the host-parasite consanguinity was discussed (Huyse et al., 2003). Geets et al. (1999) found that three gobies (Pomatoschistus minut us, P. lozanoi and P. pictus) were infected by Gyrodactylus arcuatus in the North Sea and noted that Gyrodactylus longidactylus n. sp. is host specific (Geets et al., 1998). This break down showed that monogenea was found in Pomatoschistus lozanoi from the North Sea (Geets et al., 1998)Longshaw et al. (2003) discovered that Gyrodactylus quadratidigitus n. sp. (Monogenea Gyrodactylidae) was found on the on the gills and body surface of Thorogobius ephippiatus (Lowe). Neogobius fluviatilis, Neogobius kessleri and Neogobius melanostomus from Slovakia were investigated by Ondrakov et al. (2003) and were found to be infected by a metazoan parasite.According to Garcia et al. (2004), Lepidogobius lepidus that has been newly recorded as being a host to thirty three cestode pleroceroides of Phyllobothrium sp.Digenea (Aphalloides timmi, Apatemon gracilis, Podocotyle atomon, Cryptocotyle concavum, Cryptocotyle lingua) and nematode (Hysterothylacium sp.) are found to be donation externally an d internally in Pomatoschistus minutus, P. pictus, P.microps, Gobiusculus flavescens and Gobius niger (Zander, 2004). Pampoulie et al. (1999) noted that infection of Aphallodes clomicola has a bad impact on Pomatoschistus microps (Kryer, 1838).Gobies were described as main host and transmitters (Zander, 1993) of parasites. Zander (1998) noted that goby fishes serve the digenean, cestode, nematode and acanthoceplalan serve the goby fishes as their intermediate host. Pomatoschistus microps is the final host of Podocotyle atomon and Aphalloides timmi and these parasites had different teemingness according to different seasons (Zander et al., 2002).Malek (2001) mentioned that Labratrema minimus and Cryptocotyle concavum have infected gobies (Pomatoschistus microps and Pomatoschistus minutes). According to Charlebois et al. (1997), there were 144 collected round gobies parasitized by 7 species of parasites. They are Diplostomum sp.(digenean), Eustrongylides tubifex(nematode), Rhabdochon a decaturensis, Spinitectus sp., Spiroxys sp.(nematode), Leptorhyncchoides thecatus (class Palaeacanthocephala) and glochidia (larvae of freshwater bivalves). Apart from that, another study showed that four of the 67 gobies had parasites and three of them were infected by Acanthocephalus dirus while the latter was infected by nematode.Parasite infection of the male gobies was in high spiritser than female (Appleby, 1996). Most of the parasites were found from the gills, oral cavity and pharynx of gobies. Marianne et al. (2004) mentioned that Ellipsomyxa gobii (Myxozoa) infected goby, Pomatoschistus microps, as fish host. According to Lynda et al. (2004), there were four species of freshwater parasites were found in round goby, Neogobius melanostomus. These parasites included trematodes and crustaceans.Schistocephalus solidus, Aphalloides timmi and Apatemon gracilis including a metacecaria had been found in the goby fishes (Zander, 2001). These gobies have a low richness, prevelance , mean value intensity and mean abundance of parasite. The gobies are intermediate host of digenean which is Diplostomum sp., acanthocephala (Acanthocephalus dirus) and nematode, Eustrongylides sp. (Camp et al., 1999).1.6 Objectives of StudyThis is a general study on the parasites of oxudercine gobies (mudskippers) along the Selangor coastal area. The study is divided into two parts with the first part being a general value of parasites on mudskippers while the second part discuss the relative factors affecting dispersal of parasites. It also had an observation on the occurrences mudskippers along Selangor coast.Chapter 2Materials and Methods2.0 IntroductionThe consecrate study focuses on the mudskippers found along the coastal area of Selangor. The fishes were caught from Jeram, Sementa (2 sites), Carey Island (3 sites) and Morib. A bring of 127 ensamples belonging to 7 species of mudskippers were collected and they included Boleophthalmus boddarti, Periophthalmus chrysospilos , Periophthalmus novemradiatus, Periophthalmus modestus, Periophthalmodon schlosseri, Pseudapocryptes elongates (Pseudapocryptes lanceolatus) and Scartelaos histophorus.Fish parts including the body surface, gills and gut were observed. The weight and the size of each specimen (standard size and the length) were recorded. Apart from that, the diet of mudskippers also was documented according to their bear contents. Next, the parasites found from different parts of fish specimens were identified and tabulated. ANOVA, Coefficient of public exposure, the Chi Square running play and population parameters were used to analyze data.2.1 Methodologyi) Fish collection siteThe fish specimens were caught by having the sampling at Jeram, Sementa, Carey Island and Morib (see 4). The field works were carried out during spring tide because the low tide was the lowest level while the high tide had the highest point when compared to the normal time. The salinity and pH of water were recorded. Fi shes were caught by using different sizes of scoop net (medium or small). Otherwise, the fish can be caught using the cast net or by angling. Some crustaceans or small fishes were used as bait to attract fishes.The mudskippers were kept in water-filled aquarium to make sure that they may survive longer. (If the fishes die during sampling, some ice cubes can be added into plastic bag to freeze the dead fish). Species identification was through with(p) using a taxonomic characteristic key.2.2 Fish Dis roleEach fish was killed by a blow on their head or by sever the nerve cord. The weight and the size of specimen (standard size and the length) were recorded. After that, the gill and wholesome system of the fish were taken out grade by step for observations. The parts examined were set in a petri distribute (with some drops of seawater in it. The seawater possibly contained the protozoans, copepods, mud, sea grasses and the others) Gill removalThe operculum (a bony plate) was dis place and the gill parts were examined. Next, the operculum was cut across its base and the gill was being exposed. The gills were take away by cutting the upper and lower attachments of the arch. The gill apparatus were unaffectionate one by one into 8 pieces and the isolated gills were placed into a petri dish partially-filled with water. A pipette was used to suck and separate the parasite from the mucus, blood blot or tissues. A needle or a pair of very well forceps was usually used to scrape the mucus or tissue so as to separate the parasites from mucus or tissue. Alimentary system or gut part removalThe alimentary system is a canal which starts from the esophagus and ends below the rectum. The body of the fish was cut longitudinally from the operculum parts till the tail part of the fish. After getting out the gill apparatus, it was lifted out together with the alimentary system by using a pair of forceps. The alimentary tract was cut into 4 parts (stomach, small intestin e, big intestine and rectum). Again, a needle or forceps was used to scrape the mucus or tissue to separate the parasites from the mucus or tissue. The food items from the stomach content of the fish were recorded because this could possibly gives us some informations on the life cycle of parasite (Mhaisen and Al-Maliki, 1996)2.3 Parasite collectionScalpel or dissecting needles were used to scrape gently the gill filaments and gut dermis of the fish. The parasite were sucked out by using a small pipette (if they were too small) or a pair of forceps (if they were bigger) and placed into a cavity block filled with some drops of seawater.Then, the parasite was examined under a dissecting microscope. The parasite was preserved using different methods according to the species of parasites.i) Fixation of the monogenean or any unknown species of parasiteA coverslip was placed over the parasite after it was placed at the centre part of a slide. The slide-fixed parasite would be examined wit h a dissecting microscope to make sure the slide contained the specimen.After leaving the slide to be alter for a few minutes, a clear nail varnish was used to fix the four edges of the coverslip on the slide to prevent any movement of the coverslip. ammonium picrate glycerin was added to the sides of the coverslip to allow it to seep under the coverslip, to fix and to clear the specimens.ii) deliverance methods for different types of parasiteThere were different parasite preservation methods used depending on the species and quantity of the collected parasites (see board 1)Table 1 Preparation methods for different types of parasiteParasitePreparation methodsNematode torrid 70% alcohol was poured over the worms and later the specimens were transferred to fresh 70% alcohol for storageTrematode DigeneaWarm 10% formalin was poured over the worms and the specimens were kept overnight in the fixative. They were transferred into fresh 70% alcohol for storageCestodeWarm 70% alcohol was poured over the worms and later transferred to fresh 70% alcohol for storage2.4 Data analysisCoefficient of Dispersion (C.D)The coefficient of dispersion (C.D) was calculated to see how the population is dispersed, such as random, uniformed or clumped. It is calculated by dividing the variance over the mean and the relative relationship between mean and variance would establish the distribution pattern of the parasites in a population. If the C.D is close to or equals to one, the population is randomly dispersed. If the C.D is more than one, the population is clumped or over-dispersed. If the C.D is less than one, it shows that the population is uniformly dispersed or under-dispersed. The ratio of the mean to the variance is called the Coefficient of Dispersion (C.D) and the calculated conventionalism is as belowThe Analysis of deviation (ANOVA)The Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) (refer to Appendix A4) was used to test for significant differences among the variances. In this study, ANOVA was used to test for significant differences among the variances of parasites in the mudskippers sampled around the Selangor coastal area. In addition, the relative test had exhibited the interaction among the different factors affecting the occurrences and quantity of parasites. A test was calculated to show the correlation between the interaction of the different self-sufficing variables and the quantity of parasites on the gills and gut of the mudskipper. The significant result for fish survival in relation to the quantity of different parasite species under different variables was also documented.Chi Square TestThe Chi Square Test was done to test whether a sample from a population notices a specified distribution or not. The Chi Square value was calculated as followWhere as= The observed modus operandi of cases which be written off as i row turn of events of j column number= The expected number of cases which under the H0 to be characterized with i row number of j co lumn number= It is run over all cellsr = The number of rows in Chi-square knock backk = The number of columns in Chi-square tableThe calculated value was tested at a significance level of 95%. The value was yielded by the formula which was approximated by distribution with (r-1) (c-1). If the calculated value exceeded the tabulated one, the null hypothesis would be rejected at p = 0.05.Population ParameterThe basic parasitological parameters which are prevalence, abundance and intensity were calculated for each parasite. According to Cox (1982), prevalence is defined by the percentage of host. Formula calculation of each basic parasitological parameter is as belowPrevalence is to look at how common a host (mudskipper) is infected in a population.Prevalence = recite of infected host X 100%Number of host examinedIntensity is the quantity of parasite found in the host samples (mudskippers).Intensity = Total number of parasitesTotal number of infected host abundance is the total numbe r of parasites found in all the examined hosts.Abundance = IntensityTotal number of host examinedChapter 3Results and Discussions3.0 IntroductionThis study focuses on parasites of oxudercine gobies (mudskippers) along Selangor coast. The fishes were caught (see Chapter 2) from Jeram, Sementa (2 sites), Carey Island (3 sites) and Morib (refer to 4). There were totally 127 mudskippers caught for study. The collected fish were identified by using taxonomic keys and cladistic analysis of family Gobiidae. 127 mudskippers consist of 7 species from 5 genera were collected. They were 27 Boleophthalmus boddarti, 36 Periophthalmus chrysospilos, 54 Periophthalmus novemradiatus, 1 Periophthalmus modestus, 1 Periophthalmodon schlosseri, 7 Pseudapocryptes elongates (Pseudapocryptes lanceolatus) and 1 Scartelaos histophorus (refer Appendix A3).In this study, parasites of the gills, the gut and the body surface of fish were investigated (see Chapter 2). There was found nothing from the body surface of fish. Five groups of parasites found from the whole study. They were monogenean, digenean, nematode, cestode and some unknown parasite cysts. Apart from that, the environmental factors (pH and salinity of water) also were discussed (see Table 2 Appendix A2).3.1 Parasites of oxudercine gobies (mudskippers)Table 2 showed the summarized parasite data of oxudercine gobies (mudskippers) (refer to Appendix A2). Parasites species differ among oxudercine gobies (mudskippers) based on studied sites.Five groups of parasites were detected from this present study (see Table 3 5-11). Identification is not easily to be done based on general main beliefs about parasite. There are varies in morphology and biological characters among parasites (see Satyu Yamaguti, 1953). The collected parasite consists of digeneans (see component 1.2 5-8), monogenean (see section 1.2 9), nematode (see section 1.2), cestode (see section 1.2 10), and strange parasite cysts (see 11).Digeneans inhabit the gills an d the gut of mudskippers (see Table 3). In this study, three types of digeneans were found in the gut of mudskippers. However, two of these three types of digeneans were also found in the gills. These digeneans are probably regurgitated from the gut as they have the same morphology with the guts digeneans.Gyrodactylus sp. (Monogenea, Gyrodactylidae) was described from the gills of mudskippers (see 8). The gills are the favorite(a) part for monogenean. Table 3 showed that cestode and nematode inhabit the gut of fish specimens. Most of them found as encysted form in the mudskippers.In this study, the unidentified parasites cysts were found in the gills and gut of the mudskippers (see Table 3 11). The unidentified parasites found in the gut of the mudskippers are probably cysts of cestode or nematode. However, some unknown parasites cysts which were found in the gills are considered as myxosporid.Table 2 ExcelTable 3 Parasite record of the examined fishParasite speciesNumber of Speci esMicrohabitati) Digenea (see 5-8)3Gut and gillii) Monogenea (see 9)1Gilliii) Cestode (see 10)1Gutiv) Nematode1 Gutv)Unidentified parasite cysts3.2 Parasites and their hostsTable 4 showed the presences of parasites on oxudercine gobies (mudskippers). Eight monogeneans were found limited to Pseudapocryptes lanceolatus (see Table 4 Table 5). Monogenean seems to be host specific and it prefers to inhabit the gills of Pseudapocryptes lanceolatus.Next, digeneans occurred in Periophthalmus chrysospilos and Periophthalmus novemradiatus (see table 4). There were 136 digeneans found in Periophthalmus chrysospilos while ten digeneans were detected from Periophthalmus novemradiatus (see Table 5). It is possibly because digeneans are able to adapt well in Periophthalmus chrysospilos.Periophthalmus chrysospilos, Periophthalmus novemradiatus and Periophthalmodon schlosseri were infected by cestodes (see Table 4). Most ( cardinal eight cestodes) were found in Periophthalmus novemradiatus (see Tab le 5). According to Table 5, there were twenty five nematodes found from Periophthalmus novemradiatus. Nematodes also occurred in Periophthalmodon schlosseri, mostly in the encysted form in the gut of mudskippers.There were 402 unidentified parasite cysts (see section 3.1) observed in Boleophthalmus boddarti, Periophthalmus modestus and Periophthalmus novemradiatus (see Table 4 Table 5). Most were found in Boleophthalmus boddarti. .Table 4 Parasites from contrary Mudskippers SpeciesParasite SpeciesBoleophthalmus boddartiPeriophthalmus modestusPeriophthalmusnovemradiatusHost SpeciesPeriophthalmus chrysospilosPeriophthalmodon schlosseriPseudapocryptesLanceolatusScartelaos hisphorousMonogenea+Digenea++Cestode++Nematode+++Unknown parasite cysts+++ = Parasite detected = Parasite not detectedTable 5 The measuring of Compound Parasite Community Present in the Different Mudskipper SpeciesHost SpeciesParasites DigeneaMonogeneaNematodeCestodeUnidentified cystsBoleophthalmus boddarti000039 5Periophthalmus chrysospilos1360010Periophthalmus novemradiatus1007286Periophthalmus modestus00001Pseudopocryptes lanceolatus08000Periophthalmodon schlosseri002540Scartelaos histophorus000003.3 Parasite and their habitatThe salinity and pH of the water from the specimen collection areas were recorded (see table 2). Table 6 showed that site Sementa 2 with salinity reading from 23 to 25 and pH of water between 7.35 and 7.58 had the highest parasitic infection rate. There were 29 out of 40 samples found to have parasitic infection. Morib recorded the lowest parasitic infection rate (6%), only one out of 18 mudskippers was infected with parasite cysts. The parasitic infection rate of the mudskippers may perhaps vary with a distinct study area. The abundance of parasite was probably affected by the salinity of the macro-habitat (Zander Reimer, 2002).Monogenean prefers to inhabit in water with pH 7.44 (see Table 7 13). Digeneans can be found in water with pH ranging from 5.71 to 8.71 (Ta ble 7). Most digeneans were found in water with pH 7.35.Cestode and nematode occurred individually in the inner body of the host. Cestodes were found from the site Carey Island 2, site Sementa 2 and Morib (see Table 2). Table 7 showed that twenty-eight cestodes were found from site Carey Island 2 (see Table 2) with water pH measured as 5.71. Nematodes could be found in water with a wide range of pH ranging from 5.71 to 8.71 (Table 7). With reference to Table 7, the unidentified parasite cysts were found more abundantly in water pH 7.35 (Table 7 14). The abundance of parasites in a distinct area differs with pH of water based on their own optimum pH and tolerance to the environment.Table 6 The Parasitic infection of Mudskipper in Different Locations along Selangor CoastLocationsTotal of SamplespH water()SalinityParasitic infectionsInfection RateJeram5N.AN.A240%Carey Island 157.4411360%Carey Island 2365.71171439%Carey Island 338.1711267%Sementa1206.8128525%Sementa2407.35-7.5823-25297 3%Morib187.2125-3016%2Table 7 Parasites in different pH range.pH of waterParasite5.716.817.217.357.447.588.17Digenea1001135001CestodeTypes of ParasitesTypes of ParasitesChapter 1General Introduction1.0 Introduction1.1 Fish ParasitesParasitism is an obligatory association between two distinct species, in which one species parasite is dependent on its host for nutrients and shelter (Elmer Glenn, 1961). The parasites can be divided into two groups which are ectoparasites and endoparasites. Ectoparasites are found on the external surfaces of the host such as skin, fins and gills, while endoparasites usually hide within the internal tissues or organs in the host (Cheng, 1986).Fishes acts as hosts to a wide variety of parasites such as the protozoans, platyhelminthes, acanthocephalan, nematodes and crustaceans (Lim, 1987). Parasites are typically smaller than their host. A distinct host usually found to be infected by a group of parasites (Zander, 1998).The chemical and physical factors which are either in micro-environment or macro-environment play an important role to determine the distribution and density of parasites (Cheng, 1986). Parasites show a preference among different age groups (Zander et al., 1993), sex of host (Lim, 1987) or according to host density and behaviour (Cheng, 1986).Remarkably, parasites have a distinguished ability to deal with the normal physiological and structural changes of the host, for example, the peristaltic movement and intestinal mucosa (Cheng, 1986) for survival, and starting their parasitism phase.Apart from that, the presence of parasites commonly irritates the host, causing immunological change (Lim, 1979) and may eventually cause death (Zander, 1998). Parasites penetrate the hosts tissue, causing chronic body system problems to the host. Moreover, the irritation site will initiate secondary infection by micro-organisms to the host (Cheng, 1986).1.2 Specific parasiteGobies play a role as main host and transmitters (Zander, 1993) of parasites. Varieties of protozoan, helminthes, mollusks, crustaceans have been described as parasites of fish (Lim, 1987). They are able to reproduce either sexually or asexually. Some species of parasites have specific attachment to enable them to hold onto the host for food, transport (Cheng, 1986) or shelter (Elmer Glenn, 1961).The phylum Platyhelminthes consists of a large group of free-living invertebrates but most live as parasitic species on or in other organisms. There are 3 main classes under this phylum, namely, class Monogenea, class Trematode, and class Cestoda (Solomon et al., 2002).Monogeneans are typical gillworms (Bunkley-Williams E. H. Williams, 1994). Some species attach themselves on the body surface or invade into the inner organ of aquatic species (Reed, Francis-Floyd Klinger, 1996). Monogeneans have a series of hooks that enable them to attach on the host (Reed et al., 1996). They usually inhabit the gill and feed on skin mucosa (Lim, 1987).Reed et al. (1996) mentioned that a monogenean, Dactylogyrus sp., usually attaches itself to the gills of freshwater fish. It reproduces by laying eggs, while Gyrodactylus is typically found on the skin and fins of fish. This parasite produces live young or can be described as viviparous during its whole life.Digenea was formerly described as digenetic trematodes and this species of flukes usually has at least two hosts in their life cycle (Smyth, 1962). The parasite usually has a terminal opening mouth with a sucker which is subterminal or ventral. It may or may not have an oral sucker (Yamagutti, 1958). They are particularly found as endoparasites in the digestive tract, but are sometimes found throughout the inner organ systems of vertebrates (Yamagutti, 1958). The adult digeneans are commonly hermaphroditic but reproduction still requires two worms. Digeneans have a complex life cycle with two to three intermediate hosts (Cheng, 1986).Cestode is a parasitic flatworm or commonly known as tapeworm (Solomon, et al., 2002). An adult worm consists of a scolex which maybe armed with suckers and sometimes hooks for attachment on host (Solomon et al., 2002) and a strobila which is a linear series that be formed by one or more segments (also described as proglottides) which contain reproductive structures (Yamagutti, 1959). Most of the cestodes are monoecious and each proglottid has a male reproductive system and a female reproductive system. Both self and cross-fertilization will take place in cestode (Smyth, 1962).Nematode is commonly called as round worm (Solomon et al., 2002) that can infect a vertebrates eye, mouth, alimentary system, body cavity and the other parts (Smyth, 1962). This species can also be found as a parasite of many an(prenominal) species of fishes. Some species parasitize plants and are described as an important agricultural pest (Campbell, 2002). It is smooth and consists of a cylindrical body, a pointed tail and cuticle layer surrounding its body (Solomon et al., 2002). Nematodes are typically dioecious. The female is generally larger than the male (Cheng, 1986). Apart from that, nematode life cycles differ depending on the species of the nematode (Smyth, 1962).1.3 The Family of GobiidaeThe members which form the family Gobiidae are known as gobies. It is the largest family of marine fishes and consists of two hundred genera (retrieved from Wikipedia). The members of the Family Gobiidae have their own special characteristics. They have a cylindrical body and the pelvic fins usually form an adhesive disc (Maurice Anthony, 1993).This species usually inhabits the shore in shallow bays and estuaries and also freshwater swamps and lakes (retrieved from Wikipedia). Some species are restricted to coral reefs, rocky coast, sandy, mangrove swamp or muddy beaches (Murdy, 1989).1.4 Oxudercine Gobies (Mudskippers)The mudskippers are known as ikan belacak, ikan tembakul or ikan belukor in Malay. The members of the goby family classified as mudskipper species based on body traits and behaviours (Murdy, 1989).Oxudercine gobies are described as the members of mudskippers (Murdy, 1989). There are thirty four species from ten genera found throughout the world (Murdy, 1989). They are Apocryptes, Zappa, Pseudapocryptes, Apocryptodon, Parapocryptes, Oxuderces, Scartelaos, Boleophthalmus, Periophthalmodon and Periophthalmus. Only seven genera of mudskippers (Periopthalmodon, Periophthalmus, Boleophthalmus, Scartelaos, Oxuderces, Parapocryptes and Pseudopocryptes) were found along the Selangor coast (Khaironizam, 2004).According to Khaironizam (2004), Cantor (1849) had identified five species of mudskippers while Koumans (1953) had noted eight species in Malaysia. Apart from that, there were four species already reported by Macne (1968) and five species were described by Berry (1972). He also mentioned that Murdy (1989) stated 11 species of mudskippers in Malaysia while Takita (1999) had studied 12 species of mudskippers (r efer to Appendix A5).The mudskippers are euryhaline and semi-terrestrial species (Clayton, 1993). They have a rounded body and united pelvic fins. They also have a pair of protruding eyes and one to two rows of teeth in the upper jaws. Besides this, they can survive for a long time above water and move on land. Commonly, the males are smaller than the females. The mudskippers usually feed on crabs, insects, and other small organisms (Clayton, 1993).There are several adaptations that allow the mudskippers to survive successfully out of the water. Their bronchial chamber can fill up with water which allows them to walk on land for up to several hours. They spend much of their lives out of water and are able to undergo osmoregulation as well as oxygen uptake via their skin and gills (Clayton, 1993). They are abundant in muddy areas or mangroves. Oxudercine gobies often build mud towers around their burrows as refuge from predators (Clayton, 1993).The mudskippers have certain economic i mportance which provide substituted fishery for the period of torrential rain in some coastal countries. These fishes are commonly eaten in China, Taiwan, India and some parts of Malaysia. Nowadays, the mudskippers are also used as feed for aquarium fish (Clayton, 1993)1.4.1 World Distribution of MudskippersMudskippers can be found around the tropical world as well as in the coastal regions of Asia, from Indonesia to Borneo (see 3). A few species are also found in Africa and Australia, whereas none are found in the new world (refer to Appendix A1).1.5 Literature Reviews on Gobiid Parasites (refer to Appendix A7)There is too few research on parasitological studies of mudskipper in the Asian region. Most of the studies nowadays concentrate on the behavior and ecology of oxudercinae gobies (Khaironizam, 2004) taxonomic and cladistic of the oxudercine gobies (Murdy, 1989) and the nitrogen excretion of mudskipper in water and on land, the growth of mudskipper, habitat of mudskipper and o smoregulation system among this species (Clayton, 1993).Mhaisen and Al-Maliki (1996) mentioned that Myxobolus pfeifferi (Sporozoa), Diplozoon sp. (Monogenea) and Neoechinorhynchus sp. (Acanthocephala) were found in dark-blotched mudskippers, Periophthalmus waltoni, from the mudflats of the Khor Al-Zubair estuary. A new record showed the heterophyid (trematode) had served Boleophthalmus pectinirostris and Scartelaos sp. as second intermediate host (Sohn et al., 2005).Clayton (1993) indicated that cestode, agamofilarial and acanthocephalid cysts have been described as parasite in Periophthalmus koelreuteri (Pearse, 1933), Periphthalmodon schlosseri and Boleophthalmus boddarti (Khoo, 1966). Besides, the larval ascarid nematodes infected Periophthalmodon schlosseri (Khoo, 1966). Pseudapocryptes lanceolatus were found to be infected by parasitic copepod, Gnathia sp. A larval cestode was also described by Pearse (1932) in Periophthalmus modestus. A study by Choudhury and Nandi (1973) did not establish any parasitic infection on Boleophthalmus boddarti and Scartelaos histophorus. The intestinal flagellates were also noted by Pearse (1933) in Boleophthamus boddarti. The bacterial flora had been observed by Morii and Kasama (1989) to be in the intestine of Boleophthalmus pectinirostris and Periophthalmus modestus. In West Africa and Singapore, a new species of acanthocephalan was detected in Periophthalmus barbarus and Periophthalmus schlosseri.Eighteen Gyrodactylus species were collected from gobies of the genus Pomatoschistus and the host-parasite relationship was discussed (Huyse et al., 2003). Geets et al. (1999) found that three gobies (Pomatoschistus minutus, P. lozanoi and P. pictus) were infected by Gyrodactylus arcuatus in the North Sea and noted that Gyrodactylus longidactylus n. sp. is host specific (Geets et al., 1998). This study showed that monogenea was found in Pomatoschistus lozanoi from the North Sea (Geets et al., 1998)Longshaw et al. (2003) discover ed that Gyrodactylus quadratidigitus n. sp. (Monogenea Gyrodactylidae) was found on the on the gills and body surface of Thorogobius ephippiatus (Lowe). Neogobius fluviatilis, Neogobius kessleri and Neogobius melanostomus from Slovakia were investigated by Ondrakov et al. (2003) and were found to be infected by a metazoan parasite.According to Garcia et al. (2004), Lepidogobius lepidus that has been newly recorded as being a host to thirty three cestode pleroceroides of Phyllobothrium sp.Digenea (Aphalloides timmi, Apatemon gracilis, Podocotyle atomon, Cryptocotyle concavum, Cryptocotyle lingua) and nematode (Hysterothylacium sp.) are found to be present externally and internally in Pomatoschistus minutus, P. pictus, P.microps, Gobiusculus flavescens and Gobius niger (Zander, 2004). Pampoulie et al. (1999) noted that infection of Aphallodes clomicola has a bad impact on Pomatoschistus microps (Kryer, 1838).Gobies were described as main host and transmitters (Zander, 1993) of parasit es. Zander (1998) noted that goby fishes serve the digenean, cestode, nematode and acanthoceplalan serve the goby fishes as their intermediate host. Pomatoschistus microps is the final host of Podocotyle atomon and Aphalloides timmi and these parasites had different abundance according to different seasons (Zander et al., 2002).Malek (2001) mentioned that Labratrema minimus and Cryptocotyle concavum have infected gobies (Pomatoschistus microps and Pomatoschistus minutes). According to Charlebois et al. (1997), there were 144 collected round gobies parasitized by 7 species of parasites. They are Diplostomum sp.(digenean), Eustrongylides tubifex(nematode), Rhabdochona decaturensis, Spinitectus sp., Spiroxys sp.(nematode), Leptorhyncchoides thecatus (class Palaeacanthocephala) and glochidia (larvae of freshwater bivalves). Apart from that, another study showed that four of the 67 gobies had parasites and three of them were infected by Acanthocephalus dirus while the latter was infected by nematode.Parasite infection of the male gobies was higher than female (Appleby, 1996). Most of the parasites were found from the gills, oral cavity and pharynx of gobies. Marianne et al. (2004) mentioned that Ellipsomyxa gobii (Myxozoa) infected goby, Pomatoschistus microps, as fish host. According to Lynda et al. (2004), there were four species of freshwater parasites were found in round goby, Neogobius melanostomus. These parasites included trematodes and crustaceans.Schistocephalus solidus, Aphalloides timmi and Apatemon gracilis including a metacecaria had been found in the goby fishes (Zander, 2001). These gobies have a low richness, prevelance, mean intensity and mean abundance of parasite. The gobies are intermediate host of digenean which is Diplostomum sp., acanthocephala (Acanthocephalus dirus) and nematode, Eustrongylides sp. (Camp et al., 1999).1.6 Objectives of StudyThis is a general study on the parasites of oxudercine gobies (mudskippers) along the Selangor coasta l area. The study is divided into two parts with the first part being a general survey of parasites on mudskippers while the second part discuss the relative factors affecting distribution of parasites. It also had an observation on the occurrences mudskippers along Selangor coast.Chapter 2Materials and Methods2.0 IntroductionThe present study focuses on the mudskippers found along the coastal area of Selangor. The fishes were caught from Jeram, Sementa (2 sites), Carey Island (3 sites) and Morib. A total of 127 specimens belonging to 7 species of mudskippers were collected and they included Boleophthalmus boddarti, Periophthalmus chrysospilos, Periophthalmus novemradiatus, Periophthalmus modestus, Periophthalmodon schlosseri, Pseudapocryptes elongates (Pseudapocryptes lanceolatus) and Scartelaos histophorus.Fish parts including the body surface, gills and gut were observed. The weight and the size of each specimen (standard size and the length) were recorded. Apart from that, the d iet of mudskippers also was documented according to their stomach contents. Next, the parasites found from different parts of fish specimens were identified and tabulated. ANOVA, Coefficient of Dispersion, the Chi Square Test and population parameters were used to analyze data.2.1 Methodologyi) Fish collection siteThe fish specimens were caught by having the sampling at Jeram, Sementa, Carey Island and Morib (see 4). The field works were carried out during spring tide because the low tide was the lowest level while the high tide had the highest point when compared to the normal time. The salinity and pH of water were recorded. Fishes were caught by using different sizes of scoop net (medium or small). Otherwise, the fish can be caught using the cast net or by angling. Some crustaceans or small fishes were used as bait to attract fishes.The mudskippers were kept in water-filled aquarium to make sure that they may survive longer. (If the fishes die during sampling, some ice cubes can be added into plastic bag to freeze the dead fish). Species identification was done using a taxonomic characteristic key.2.2 Fish DissectionEach fish was killed by a blow on their head or by severing the nerve cord. The weight and the size of specimen (standard size and the length) were recorded. After that, the gill and alimentary system of the fish were taken out step by step for observations. The parts examined were placed in a petri dish (with some drops of seawater in it. The seawater possibly contained the protozoans, copepods, mud, sea grasses and the others) Gill removalThe operculum (a bony plate) was lifted and the gill parts were examined. Next, the operculum was cut across its base and the gill was being exposed. The gills were removed by cutting the upper and lower attachments of the arch. The gill apparatus were separated one by one into 8 pieces and the isolated gills were placed into a petri dish partially-filled with water. A pipette was used to suck and separate th e parasite from the mucus, blood blot or tissues. A needle or a pair of fine forceps was usually used to scrape the mucus or tissue so as to separate the parasites from mucus or tissue. Alimentary system or gut part removalThe alimentary system is a canal which starts from the esophagus and ends below the rectum. The body of the fish was cut longitudinally from the operculum parts till the tail part of the fish. After getting out the gill apparatus, it was lifted out together with the alimentary system by using a pair of forceps. The alimentary tract was cut into 4 parts (stomach, small intestine, big intestine and rectum). Again, a needle or forceps was used to scrape the mucus or tissue to separate the parasites from the mucus or tissue. The food items from the stomach content of the fish were recorded because this could possibly gives us some informations on the life cycle of parasite (Mhaisen and Al-Maliki, 1996)2.3 Parasite collectionScalpel or dissecting needles were used to s crape gently the gill filaments and gut dermis of the fish. The parasite were sucked out by using a small pipette (if they were too small) or a pair of forceps (if they were bigger) and placed into a cavity block filled with some drops of seawater.Then, the parasite was examined under a dissecting microscope. The parasite was preserved using different methods according to the species of parasites.i) Fixation of the monogenean or any unknown species of parasiteA coverslip was placed over the parasite after it was placed at the centre part of a slide. The slide-fixed parasite would be examined with a dissecting microscope to make sure the slide contained the specimen.After leaving the slide to be dry for a few minutes, a clear nail varnish was used to fix the four edges of the coverslip on the slide to prevent any movement of the coverslip. Ammonium picrate glycerin was added to the sides of the coverslip to allow it to seep under the coverslip, to fix and to clear the specimens.ii) P reservation methods for different types of parasiteThere were different parasite preservation methods used depending on the species and quantity of the collected parasites (see Table 1)Table 1 Preparation methods for different types of parasiteParasitePreparation methodsNematodeWarm 70% alcohol was poured over the worms and later the specimens were transferred to fresh 70% alcohol for storageTrematode DigeneaWarm 10% formalin was poured over the worms and the specimens were kept overnight in the fixative. They were transferred into fresh 70% alcohol for storageCestodeWarm 70% alcohol was poured over the worms and later transferred to fresh 70% alcohol for storage2.4 Data analysisCoefficient of Dispersion (C.D)The coefficient of dispersion (C.D) was calculated to see how the population is dispersed, such as random, uniformed or clumped. It is calculated by dividing the variance over the mean and the relative relationship between mean and variance would establish the distribution pat tern of the parasites in a population. If the C.D is close to or equals to one, the population is randomly dispersed. If the C.D is more than one, the population is clumped or over-dispersed. If the C.D is less than one, it shows that the population is uniformly dispersed or under-dispersed. The ratio of the mean to the variance is called the Coefficient of Dispersion (C.D) and the calculated formula is as belowThe Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)The Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) (refer to Appendix A4) was used to test for significant differences among the variances. In this study, ANOVA was used to test for significant differences among the variances of parasites in the mudskippers sampled around the Selangor coastal area. In addition, the relative test had exhibited the interaction among the different factors affecting the occurrences and quantity of parasites. A test was calculated to show the correlation between the interaction of the different independent variables and the quantity of parasites on the gills and gut of the mudskipper. The significant result for fish survival in relation to the quantity of different parasite species under different variables was also documented.Chi Square TestThe Chi Square Test was done to test whether a sample from a population follows a specified distribution or not. The Chi Square value was calculated as followWhere as= The observed number of cases which be written off as i row number of j column number= The expected number of cases which under the H0 to be characterized with i row number of j column number= It is run over all cellsr = The number of rows in Chi-square tablek = The number of columns in Chi-square tableThe calculated value was tested at a significance level of 95%. The value was yielded by the formula which was approximated by distribution with (r-1) (c-1). If the calculated value exceeded the tabulated one, the null hypothesis would be rejected at p = 0.05.Population ParameterThe basic parasitological paramet ers which are prevalence, abundance and intensity were calculated for each parasite. According to Cox (1982), prevalence is defined by the percentage of host. Formula calculation of each basic parasitological parameter is as belowPrevalence is to look at how common a host (mudskipper) is infected in a population.Prevalence = Number of infected host X 100%Number of host examinedIntensity is the quantity of parasite found in the host samples (mudskippers).Intensity = Total number of parasitesTotal number of infected hostAbundance is the total number of parasites found in all the examined hosts.Abundance = IntensityTotal number of host examinedChapter 3Results and Discussions3.0 IntroductionThis study focuses on parasites of oxudercine gobies (mudskippers) along Selangor coast. The fishes were caught (see Chapter 2) from Jeram, Sementa (2 sites), Carey Island (3 sites) and Morib (refer to 4). There were totally 127 mudskippers caught for study. The collected fish were identified by usi ng taxonomic keys and cladistic analysis of family Gobiidae. 127 mudskippers consist of 7 species from 5 genera were collected. They were 27 Boleophthalmus boddarti, 36 Periophthalmus chrysospilos, 54 Periophthalmus novemradiatus, 1 Periophthalmus modestus, 1 Periophthalmodon schlosseri, 7 Pseudapocryptes elongates (Pseudapocryptes lanceolatus) and 1 Scartelaos histophorus (refer Appendix A3).In this study, parasites of the gills, the gut and the body surface of fish were investigated (see Chapter 2). There was found nothing from the body surface of fish. Five groups of parasites found from the whole study. They were monogenean, digenean, nematode, cestode and some unknown parasite cysts. Apart from that, the environmental factors (pH and salinity of water) also were discussed (see Table 2 Appendix A2).3.1 Parasites of oxudercine gobies (mudskippers)Table 2 showed the summarized parasite data of oxudercine gobies (mudskippers) (refer to Appendix A2). Parasites species differ among o xudercine gobies (mudskippers) based on studied sites.Five groups of parasites were detected from this present study (see Table 3 5-11). Identification is not easily to be done based on general main beliefs about parasite. There are varies in morphology and biological characters among parasites (see Satyu Yamaguti, 1953). The collected parasite consists of digeneans (see section 1.2 5-8), monogenean (see section 1.2 9), nematode (see section 1.2), cestode (see section 1.2 10), and unidentified parasite cysts (see 11).Digeneans inhabit the gills and the gut of mudskippers (see Table 3). In this study, three types of digeneans were found in the gut of mudskippers. However, two of these three types of digeneans were also found in the gills. These digeneans are probably regurgitated from the gut as they have the same morphology with the guts digeneans.Gyrodactylus sp. (Monogenea, Gyrodactylidae) was described from the gills of mudskippers (see 8). The gills are the preferred part for mo nogenean. Table 3 showed that cestode and nematode inhabit the gut of fish specimens. Most of them found as encysted form in the mudskippers.In this study, the unidentified parasites cysts were found in the gills and gut of the mudskippers (see Table 3 11). The unidentified parasites found in the gut of the mudskippers are probably cysts of cestode or nematode. However, some unknown parasites cysts which were found in the gills are considered as myxosporid.Table 2 ExcelTable 3 Parasite record of the examined fishParasite speciesNumber of SpeciesMicrohabitati) Digenea (see 5-8)3Gut and gillii) Monogenea (see 9)1Gilliii) Cestode (see 10)1Gutiv) Nematode1 Gutv)Unidentified parasite cysts3.2 Parasites and their hostsTable 4 showed the presences of parasites on oxudercine gobies (mudskippers). Eight monogeneans were found limited to Pseudapocryptes lanceolatus (see Table 4 Table 5). Monogenean seems to be host specific and it prefers to inhabit the gills of Pseudapocryptes lanceolatus. Next, digeneans occurred in Periophthalmus chrysospilos and Periophthalmus novemradiatus (see table 4). There were 136 digeneans found in Periophthalmus chrysospilos while ten digeneans were detected from Periophthalmus novemradiatus (see Table 5). It is possibly because digeneans are able to adapt well in Periophthalmus chrysospilos.Periophthalmus chrysospilos, Periophthalmus novemradiatus and Periophthalmodon schlosseri were infected by cestodes (see Table 4). Most (twenty eight cestodes) were found in Periophthalmus novemradiatus (see Table 5). According to Table 5, there were twenty five nematodes found from Periophthalmus novemradiatus. Nematodes also occurred in Periophthalmodon schlosseri, mostly in the encysted form in the gut of mudskippers.There were 402 unidentified parasite cysts (see section 3.1) observed in Boleophthalmus boddarti, Periophthalmus modestus and Periophthalmus novemradiatus (see Table 4 Table 5). Most were found in Boleophthalmus boddarti. .Table 4 Paras ites from Different Mudskippers SpeciesParasite SpeciesBoleophthalmus boddartiPeriophthalmus modestusPeriophthalmusnovemradiatusHost SpeciesPeriophthalmus chrysospilosPeriophthalmodon schlosseriPseudapocryptesLanceolatusScartelaos hisphorousMonogenea+Digenea++Cestode++Nematode+++Unknown parasite cysts+++ = Parasite detected = Parasite not detectedTable 5 The Quantity of Compound Parasite Community Present in the Different Mudskipper SpeciesHost SpeciesParasites DigeneaMonogeneaNematodeCestodeUnidentified cystsBoleophthalmus boddarti0000395Periophthalmus chrysospilos1360010Periophthalmus novemradiatus1007286Periophthalmus modestus00001Pseudopocryptes lanceolatus08000Periophthalmodon schlosseri002540Scartelaos histophorus000003.3 Parasite and their habitatThe salinity and pH of the water from the specimen collection areas were recorded (see table 2). Table 6 showed that site Sementa 2 with salinity reading from 23 to 25 and pH of water between 7.35 and 7.58 had the highest parasitic infection rate. There were 29 out of 40 samples found to have parasitic infection. Morib recorded the lowest parasitic infection rate (6%), only one out of 18 mudskippers was infected with parasite cysts. The parasitic infection rate of the mudskippers may perhaps vary with a distinct study area. The abundance of parasite was probably affected by the salinity of the macro-habitat (Zander Reimer, 2002).Monogenean prefers to inhabit in water with pH 7.44 (see Table 7 13). Digeneans can be found in water with pH ranging from 5.71 to 8.71 (Table 7). Most digeneans were found in water with pH 7.35.Cestode and nematode occurred individually in the inner body of the host. Cestodes were found from the site Carey Island 2, site Sementa 2 and Morib (see Table 2). Table 7 showed that twenty-eight cestodes were found from site Carey Island 2 (see Table 2) with water pH measured as 5.71. Nematodes could be found in water with a wide range of pH ranging from 5.71 to 8.71 (Table 7). With referenc e to Table 7, the unidentified parasite cysts were found more abundantly in water pH 7.35 (Table 7 14). The abundance of parasites in a distinct area differs with pH of water based on their own optimum pH and tolerance to the environment.Table 6 The Parasitic Infection of Mudskipper in Different Locations along Selangor CoastLocationsTotal of SamplespH water()SalinityParasitic infectionsInfection RateJeram5N.AN.A240%Carey Island 157.4411360%Carey Island 2365.71171439%Carey Island 338.1711267%Sementa1206.8128525%Sementa2407.35-7.5823-252973%Morib187.2125-3016%2Table 7 Parasites in different pH range.pH of waterParasite5.716.817.217.357.447.588.17Digenea1001135001Cestode