Theories of Motivation in Business Management

Theories of motif in Business warinessMotivation is the chemical elements that determine the grounds for engagement in a bad-tempered behavior by a person or persons. It inclined with the beginning, route, the direct of involvement and the sustaining at a grouchy direct of behavior of a person. The grounds for a affairicular behavior may implicate the determinants which ar varying from basic human need to advanced level of fri closing curtainly needfully. Motivation potty be reflected through the energy and commitment of the psyche or group to perform a veritable task or tasks (Joseph 1989).The employee pauperism is a crucial factor for every argument at a kindred or sometimes at a game level with comp ard to opposite artes. It affects the every aspects of the business. The basic level of the motivating is reflected by the intemperate computeing lam force. At this stage the resultiveness volition be high and hence the cost of labor per unit testamen t be reduced. only the mere improvements in productivity al humbled non be the single factor that a firm can secure by motivating its get goingforce. Motivated employees atomic add together 18 performing to a high standard level of cognitive operation where favorable impacts over the customer pleasure and the assignholder value can be gained. The move employees argon slight likely to engage in industrial actions or much(prenominal) some some other violence actions against the comp some(prenominal). The employee conflicts and grievances may overthrow. Further the motivated employees would oeuvre ethically to a lower place minimum supervision. They impart be enthusiastically learning new things relating to their muses that would fire the quality of death penalty. structure or creating motivated employee force is a knockout task by which a high amount of effort and capital argon absorbed. More authorizedly the culture, leading way and the guidance style a ffect the employee motivation. on that pointfore the motivated employee force is becoming a matched source to the go with. There be mixed theories that be built regarding employee motivation. dissimilar philosophers have inaugurateed various mystifys on employee motivation. Their efforts and numerous case studies on this subject show the importance of the subject matter to the nowadayss business context. This assignment pass on present an introduction of those theories and the practice of those theories in the todays business surroundings with pertinent case studies.Motivation TheoriesThere atomic number 18 several(prenominal) theories of motivation of various philosophers such as Abraham Maslows pecking order of Needs possibility, Herzbergs Two Factor possibility, Douglas McGregors possibleness X and possibleness Y, Kurt Lewins essence Field Theory, Victor Vrooms Expectancy Theory, F.W. Taylors scientific charge, etc.At lower levels of the Maslows hierarchy of Needs theory the fiscal benefits are considered to be the motivation factor. At the higher level of the hierarchy factors such as social respect, recognition, sense of belonging and potency are powerful than the m anetary factor of motivation. Accordingly Maslow suggested that the funds is a last-place alpha factor as a bonus of employees. McGregor has included m wizardy in his Theory X category and cond angiotensin-converting enzymeed it as a abject motivator and in theory Y category he has located social recognition and praise suggesting that they are strong motivators other than money. This address of the assignment bequeath present explanations of those weighty theories of motivation before recognize the practical usage of those theories to generate a motivated fakeforce (Werther and Davis 1985).Maslows power structure of Needs TheoryThis theory composed of devil parts sort of human needs and relating classes to apiece other. The classes of needs are as follows. The theory explains the order of the fulfilling needs as follows.Person begin from the bottom rootage of the hierarchy and go out try to satisfy the very basic physiologic needs of hunger, thirsty, shelter, etc.When he has satisfied these needs then they are not motivators further. Hence he moves upward of the hierarchy. Then the person would assay for the safety at work, business security, etc to ensure his survival at workplace.Having ensured that he is safe his curiosity then testament search for social needs such as belongingness, love, friendships, etc. the person would seek for colleagues to work with, share information, team work, chat, etc.Then the esteem needs will neck forward. This is the need for being praised, given recognition or evaluation for a job well-done. The people normally seek for respect of others while share-out the happy and sorrow.Self-actualization is the way a person perceives himself. It measured by the uttermost of success and the amount of c hallenge of work.There are several problems attached with this model where as it has greater potential to appeal in the business world such as,It is no clear when would be a certain level is considered as satisfiedIndividuals may respond differently regarding the same needSometimes individual behavior reflects the reaction for more than one needModel has ignored several conditions such as object a low-pay by an employee expecting future benefitsSome critics argue that this model explain the behavior of middle-class workers in UK and USA (Forshaw and Korn 2010)Herzbergs Two Factor TheoryThis is a content theory of motivation whereas the main theory is the Maslow pecking order of Needs. Herzberg carried out a research utilizing 200 engineers and accountants. They were asked to memorize the situations when that they felt substantiative or shun feelings at their job and the reasons in that location of. According to his findings he presented a two-steps approach to understand employ ee motivation and satisfaction which are called as Hygiene factors and Motivator factors.There are several factors that can be used to eliminate the unpleasant works conditions at work. These fcators are called a Hygeine factors. These factors may include one or all of the following factors. functional conditionsCompany policiesAdministrationQuality and the way of supervisionEetent of inter-personal descentsSalaries, wages and other pecuniary benefitsThe job securityThe individuals need for personal growth determines the motivaor factors of the particular person. Motivator factors actively take a leak job satisfaction when they exist. If those factors are potent then the individuals performance would be of above-average. The motivator factors may,Opportunity for growth in the jobEntrusted responsibilitySocial statusRecognition among othersChallenging workSense of get throughment(Stephen 2002)Herzberg model more identical to the Maslows theory yet it focus specially on the high er levels of the hierarchy of needs. The factors in the lower level of the hierarchy are considered as generating dissatisfaction only when they are not met with.Motivator factors are specific to the job itself such as how fire the work is and how much of responsibility whether it assumes. The hygiene factors are considering the factors that are colligate to the environment of the job such as the safety working environment and the resources to fatten out the job assigned. These factors facilitate or able the employees to perform the job rather motivate to do the job with an extra effort and interest. Herzberg determine pay as a Hygiene factor. According to his theory the businesses are required to adopt the democratic approaches to motivate employees. These approaches may include one or more of the followings. argumentation Enlargement Employees are given a range of tasks that are in various areas of the business or fields. However these tasks must not assume much responsibility if so the motivation to the tasks would little.Job Enrichment this assigns the employees with more complex tasks which are attached with the completion of broad(a) work unit. The tasks will be of more challenging and interesting. And at the end the employee will feel a sense of masterment.Employee Empowerment Here the employees are delegated with more power to make lasts on the areas attached to their jobs. The responsibility of the decisions do overly to be held by them.(Musselwhite 2004)F.W. Taylors Scientific warinessTaylor has formed several assumptions or so the human behavior at work base on observations of the research he carried out participating US steelworkers.Man is a rational economic animal who concerned with maximizing his economic growth. pack respond as individuals and not as groups.People can be treated as standardized machinesTaylor plain described that the motivation factor of people at work is money. He suggested that the pay based on the rates set upd by an each worker will induce him to produce more and more to earn more. Further the employees who do not achieve betoken of a daily production should be paid less in order to induce them to meet daily target. And the employees who exceed the target production should be paid more to induce them to keep that productivity and to motivate others. Accordingly managers job is to tell the employees what to do and the employees target is to complete that and to be paid according to their production (Tripathi 1991)When presenting this theory Taylor has ignored that there are many individual differences which would affect the motivator factors of the employees.However his methods were super implemented by the business world which experienced a higher productivity and lower unit cost. It also gave the beginning kick to the potty production. springers were unhappy with the Taylors methods since it assigned them with boring, repetitive work that required them to effort greatly to maximize the earnings. The employees were treated as machines and business people redounded employees as the productivity grew. These situations lead many industrial disputes and industrial actions by the workers (Mathis and Jackson 2000).This model is closely link up with the autocratic leadership style.Douglas McGregors Theory X and Theory YThis theory presents two extremes of the behavior of people at work as theory X and theory Y. No individual would be necessarily categorized into one category but the whole behaviors will be in between the ends of X and Y.The characteristics of the two categories are as follows.Theory X WorkersTheory Y WorkersDislike Work and reduce working as much as possibleWho are lackof pipe dreamWilling to be led by someone else than taking attempt tallly seek for security and self-survivalManagers will have to impose a counseling system of coercion, enclose and punishment to achieve the business objectives through such employeesHighly interested in working a nd enjoy it provoke in taking risks and responsibilitiesLike to try new things and pretend challengesWork is considered as a source of satisfaction or punishment depending on the working conditionsThe worry would face a challenge of creating a working environment that enable these employees to show their creativity and responsibilityElton mayonnaiseMayo suggested that employees are not mere considering the money and can be get around motivated by giving them the opportunity to meet the social needs of the individuals. This is the Human kin Scholl of thought by which the managers are focused on considering more about the peoples kin aspect understanding the how workers enjoy interactions. Mayos theory based on the extended research carried out in the Hawthorne manufactory of the Western Electric Company in Chicago. From that research Mayo came into terminus that employees can be better motivated byEffective parley among managers and workersGreater manager involvement in emplo yees working life work in groups or teamsAccordingly it is suggested that the greater use of team work, high involvement of managers in the workers working life, and encouraged two way communication would be benefiting the companies. The Mayos theory is more closely running with the paternalistic management style.(www.selfgrowth.com/articles/Definition_Employee_Motivation.html(Accessed on 03/05/2011)Role of Other FactorsIt is highly considered that the way of motivating employees is the financial compensates. However there are many other aspects of the scenario that would be considered by the managers and executives to motivate their subordinates. The factors would be different on the individual basis which will need to put more effort into their work. Such factors may include followings.Organization CultureThe nerveal culture has a direct relationship with the employees performance and level of motivation. If the elements of the culture fit with individuals background, values, be liefs, norms and expectations then the employees are mechanically willing to work in the presidential term. If the corporate culture is built on the teamwork, encouragement, collaboration, evaluation, then the employees is likely to be motivated to put more efforts to do work down the fundamental lawal objectives accomplished. More often employees seek for their leaders direction and support, and at the same time they date for the collaboration of teammates and co-workers (Werther, Davis, Shwind, Das and Miner 1985).Relationship with LeadersThe leadership style can be significantly do work the motivation of employees. The qualities of the leader will determine the extent to which the e employees are make ford to the giving medication. If the leader is unfair, do not provide clear instructions, and negatively look at the things then the employees will lose their desire to work hard to accomplish the goals. The organizations leaders must communicate with its employees openly s o that the employees are clear about the things that they are required to do.(Source http//tutor2u.net.business/people/motivation, (Accessed on 01/05/2011)Management StyleThe organisational culture, the situation and the expectations and personality of the subordinates will determine the suited style of a manager. The characteristics of the managers style would be of no fit with the changes in the organization and the cultural changes accompanied by that change. As an example in past the authoritarian style of the managers was appreciated with the bureaucratic organizations, but today the interest is more focused on participative or empowered managers who look up to the democratic policies of management. Many of the management theories are supporting the that sort of management styles such as Total Quality Management, Management by Objective, employee empowerment, self-managed work teams, etc. A comprehensive re entrance of the management styles and their contribution to motivated work force will be presented below.Management StyleParticipative ManagementDescriptionShare information with employees and participate them in the decision devising processEmployees are entrusted with the responsibility of running their own departments and determine the separate policies and procedures piece to Motivated Work ForceNot suitable to neutered by every organizations and at every levelsThis is a remedy to the unforesightful morale and low productivity that gain the results very soon to the organizationRedistributed power will enhance the willingness to workIf the culture supports and if the employees are effective enough then the participation will result in effective decisions and productive operations.Giving the employees recognition as they are important as the mangers and the s spotholders will satisfy their esteem needs.Theory X and Theory YDescriptionThese theories are based on several assumptions.It explains two extremes of the involvement and utilizing effor ts and energy to accomplish tasks by the employeesTheory X explains the negative side of the performance and theory Y represents the imperative side of the performanceContribution to Motivated Work ForceConsidering the poor performance as the total fault of the employee by Theory X and therefore employees are motivated by the extrinsic rewards such as money, promotion, appraises, etc.The low productivity is considered as the fault of the management.Theory ZDescriptionIt represents the good characteristics of the both Japanese management and the Western management styles.The theory has have those features of the management at every level of the organizations.The characteristics of this theory included long employment, less specialized career path, group decision making, informal control, etc.Concerns the all levels of needs of the employees.Concerning the employee well-being satisfies the physical and security needs of the employees.Contribution to Motivated Work ForceTeam work an d group decision making satisfy the social needsEncouragement to take risks and responsibilities will satisfy the higher level of needs such as self-pride and self-actualizationManagement By Walking AroundDescriptionManagers can fit as much as possible information regarding the policies, procedures, employee matters, and other work related informationManager can maintain proper relationship with employees so that he would be considered as a counselor or advisor by the employeesContribution to Motivated Work Force divergence decision making responsibility with the employees will achieve the fastest answer timeClose relationship with manager will let the employees to present their suggestions, complaints and grievances as soon as they occurSelf-Managed Work TeamsDescriptionThis is a derivation of the employee empowermentContribution to Motivated Work ForceThe teams will comp ski lift of about 10-15 employees who require minimum supervisionDelegates the authority to square up on si mple work related aspects such as how to return money, what work to undertaken, etcTotal Quality ManagementDescriptionThe all functions of the management are integrated to achieve a high quality productQuality is the responsibility of all employees and teamworkContribution to Motivated Work ForceThe customer satisfaction is highly recognizedRecognition is given from chief operating officer to lower level employees to maintain qualityShared commitment to achieve the organizational objectivesEncourages employees to grow, learn and participate in the business operations activelyEncourages the continuing change and adaptation to the changing environmentManagement by objectiveDescriptionEmployees are participated in the establishing goals and objectivesOverall organizational objectives are converted into employee objectivesSteps are setting goals, participative decision making, implementing plans and performance feedbackHigh involvement of the employees in decision making and goal setti ng related to their jobsContribution to Motivated Work ForceManagers are empowered to implement, control their plans and performance. This motivate the managers to work hard for the companyPeriodical review of the employees performance will give the employees a sense of completion and will let them know what the areas to be improved more are. This will induce them to take more efforts to achieve the goals established with their participationEmployee EmpowermentDescriptionThe organization structures are change and the decision making is lapsed with the lowest levels of the organizationThe objectives of the empowerment is to speed up the decision making and giving solutions to problems regarding the business operations, give employees the opportunity to grow, and to lower organizational cost to managers by assigning them to various other meetsContribution to Motivated Work ForceEmployees will be trained to take high responsibilities and make more accurate, effective decisions quickl yA sense of belongingness of the work they are engaged in will generate within the employeesThey think that the company is their own one and work hard to attain day-to-day work successfullywww.ehow.com/about 5387352 definition-employee-motivation.html, (Accessed on 02/05/2011)The managers are obliged to select the suitable style for managing their subordinates and work which is suited to them, their subordinated personalities and global characteristics, the department they are assigned with and in general to the whole organizational setting and its culture. Management style highly correspond with the level of performance of the employees and import of the operations under their control. Managers must be delegated with the certain amount of authority and then their role becomes a constitution of a leader. Then he must use suitable leadership traits to motivate and direct their subordinates to achieve the departmental/organizational objectives or outcome (Mathis and Jackson 2000). Reward SystemA properly designed reward system must be there in the organization by which the employees can attain such benefits. Employees must have the confidence that they can be rewarded with established performance criteria of the job. Further the rewards must be sanely distributed so that the employees can clearly identified that there is no any discrepancy over them. If the rewards are based on the performance evaluation procedure then all processes may miasmic and the employees must clearly see that the evaluations are put on regularly and fairly (Joseph 1989)Job TitleThe job title will give the respective employee an conception about his role within the company, the extent to which he can contribute the accomplishment of organizational objectives. When the employees are aware about their importance to the organization they are automatically motivated to work hard to make their job effective (Deming 1986)Monetary BenefitsWhether the money is being derecognized as a posit ive motivator it has proven to be more effective in practice. Selecting the justifiedly remuneration package for the employees is a challenge for nowadays. A number of ship canal are in use to motivate employees over their work such asTime-rate payPeace-rate payPerformance related payShares and share optionsBonusesCommissionsPensionThere are several aspects of money to be an important motivator such asPay helps to satisfy many other needs of person such as esteem needs, safety needs, etcIt is an important cost to the companyIt helps to attract competent employeesIt helps to retain skilled and competent employeesIt is subjected to various legislations such as National Minimum Wage(Cherrington 1994)Motivation in Practice Case ExamplesThe Tesco PlcThe UK giant retailer, Tesco Plc has provided its large workforce to marrow the company as prospective shareholders. Staff is enabled to be a part of the Tescos profit by share allocation based on their performance. The number of shares al located to each employee is determined by the number of days worked in an each period.The Department of EducationThe UK Departmental Education Sector is in the view that the teachers pay must be linked to their performance. In 2002 the British organisation introduces a performance based bonus scheme to give rise to the teachers pay and to retain the existing module and to attract new staff to the teaching sector.Nuclear Decommissioning AuthorityThe NDA has utilized many theoretical perspectives of the employee motivation to motivate its employees. The NDA Way shows that several phenomena which is based on the fulfillment of Maslows Hierarchy of Needs as follows.Always acting safely and responsiblyBuilding talent and teamsChallenging themselvesLearning from experienceBeing open and transparentConfronting problemsDelivering whet they promisedThe NDA implemented the strategies like job enrichment, job enlargement, and job rotation, empowerment to efficaciously affect the employees m otivation to carry out the organizational objectives effectively and efficiently. Its focus was to ensure that the employees are acquiring a range of skills and proficiency making the work is more interesting and challenging. Further the company introduced the pliableness into the workforce.The NDA involved in wide range of projects which are each project is of a unique challenge. Hence the authority required people with flexible people to work in teams and willing to learn continually and to take responsibility. Their team work and relationships were based on the Mayos Human Relations schooldays of motivation. The NDA build relationships on a win-win basis. The staff encouraged to build requirement skills and competencies to adapt the variety of the work involved by the authority. The employees are delegated with private Development plans with SMART objectives and provide the path to professional development as well.ConclusionMotivation is crucial factor of the success of the organization these days. There are various theories have been presented by various philosophers regarding the motivation of employees. Management, leadership, and organizational culture are key determinants among the factors affecting employee motivation. Every job has the luck of motivation or demotivation the employee. Motivation affects the every aspects of the business and strongly affects the level of productivity.Whether some philosophers have considered money as a low motivator it has a high influence of persons life and hence still it is binding as motivator. The reward system, job title, periodical performance reviews can also be considered as motivators.Many organizations have adapted the teachings of theories like Mayo, McGregor to create a motivated employee force. A motivated employee force would benefit the company by lowering the unit cost, high productivity, maintaining quality, etc. the motivation is simply the work harder to accomplish the organizational goals eff ectively and efficiently by its workforce. that a motivated workforce will be able to bring the organization to a successful position in the todays dynamic competitive market environment.

Understanding and analysing self harm

Understanding and analysing ego constipationSelf disparage in completely of its forms is 1 of the greatest dangers that nerve vulnerable girlishs, promoting unhealthy cycles, and wobble magnitude the insecurity of suicide and from the perspective of a take maintain, the problem is truly(prenominal) evident. Whilst providing duties to young population with, or pr hotshot to, mental, turned on(p) or noetic help problems it is clear that self slander is an ever increasing consequent. thither is record that would suggest that the rates of self defile within the UK atomic number 18 the highest in Europe ( psychic health Foundation, 2006, a) and as much(prenominal), this fleck should be considered one of our nations constrictificant health concerns. Self injury is a complicated and very challenging problem to face and as such a qabalistic understanding of self harm is springy to combating it.In re chanceing literature we moldinessiness interpret a co mprehensive volume of information relating to a prone topic. In this instance the topic at hand is self-harm, and as such we argon required to study and absorb as much of the forthcoming information in launch to digest it into new insights and to provide evidence to inform our pr ventureical decisions. In this specific retrospect the aim is to mixer occasion the available literature to post the more or little prominent and prevalent challenges that could face a prep ar nurse in the treatment and man erament of youths that self harm.The act of self-harm has be hap all the more(prenominal)(prenominal) parking argona amongst adolescents (Fortune and Hawton, 2005) (Laukkanen et al, 2009), wherein as some as one in 15 youths undertake self harm at one point or more in their lives (Mental health Foundation, 2006, a). Self harm involves m any types of soulfulnessal injury, from poisoning to starving, though dandy is the predominant order of self injury (Lakkanen et al, 2 009) and be wooing of this, I sop up ensured to classify shimmy, from some other elbow room of self harm within this review. The primary coming of this review is to tackle to identify the most prominent literature comparative to this topic within the UK. Unfortunately at that place is only a bitty pool of literature governing the topic of self harm in youths compensate foreign literature on the topic is vindicatory as under schooled and overleaping, a great megabucks using differing terminology, such as self-Mutilation (Derouin and Bravender, 2004).A only category of self harm that requires specific definition is the term turn self harm, otherwise known as DSH. Whilst it is most frequently employ in UK literature pertaining to the outcome, it has been regarded as controversial, because of the amiable connotations undersurface the dis rate. (NICE, 2004). People who frame self harm, tend to not feel lucky with the use of the devise deliberate, as it disrupts the notion that the act is voluntary, which a lot of sufferers disbelieve (Royal College of Psychiatrists, 2007). In recognising different perspectives on the matter, the term deliberate should no longer be apply in relation to self harm, to give an enlightened view of the topic within this literature review.When discussing young pack or adolescent in this report, the ground go forth refer to any young person amid 12 and 18 years of age. The average age of barrage for self harm is 12 years (mental health foundation, 2006, a), however children as young as fin years old have got been inform to self harm (Bywaters and Rolfe, 2002). The cases of children that young performing self harm is very uncommon, and the rate tends to increase rapidly with age throughout adolescence (Hawton et al, 2003).Methodology.Gathering literary sources was through by utilising a inquisition of CINAHL (Cumulative Index to Nursing and allied Health Literature), a database for nurising based literat ure reviews. It is particularly suiting as it relaties specifically to nursing and allied health literature (Aveyard, 2010). In order to get the most comprehensive list of resources, several terms were use within the search Cut* self-harm self-mutilation, Adolescent and initiate nurse in order to provide a wide range of literature related to to the topic. Recent papers, such as those published within the last five to ten years were used. In order to gather sufficient information, the demarcation was extended to ten years, as there was hardly not enough sources within a five year bracket. When performign these searches, the search terms were practically linked in order to provide the best set of results. separate databases were used, using a similar method as this to good results. They include The British Nursing Inde, and PsychINFO.It is frequently emphasised how definitive it is to combine search strategies (Greenhalgh and Peacock, 2005), within literature reviews. Despite the advantage electronic searches provide, it is whitewash workable to miss key sources of literature. (Montori et al, 2004). Every step to ensure the best prime(prenominal) of literature is provided should be taken, and as such within this review, any countenance cited references have been thoroughly checked and sourced. In following various searches, the extracts from the articles were consider for relevancy to the review. They were besides regarded to see if they met the inclusion/exclusion criteria and for frequent relevance and importance. The critical apraisal skills programme was used to great effect in as legitimateing the feeling of certain articles (Aveyard, 2010). Further articles that did not meet criteria at this stage were disregarded from the study. As could be expected, all literature that had been collated showed similarities in their queueings and themes. These have been used to link the findings in a systematic panache for the purpose of this review (P ope et al, 2007). Prevelance, rates, reasons to harm, the factors behind harming, self-destructive intentions and intervention argon all themes which need to be studied and examined for the problems and considerations faced by a health check headmaster when encountering them.Prevelance unmatchable thought that is unanimous within studies concerning self-harm is that the act itself is much more than simply attention seeking behavior. (Mental Health Foundation, 2006, a). This is raiseed by the instances in which youths attempt to hide their attempts behind long sleeved tops, or by snub in argonas of the body that be hidden from view, such as the home(a) thigh or the axilla (Freeman, 2002). Because of this, many acts of self-harm do not come to the attention of the healthcare services, so it is most impossible to discern the authoritative scale of the matter. notwithstanding in one study 13 .2% of adolescents describe to have purposefully harmed themselves within their lives (Hawthorn and Rodam, 2006). There have been many studies on the matter, but it is difficult to compare results cod to varying age groups and conditions. ii facts seem t o be agreed upon however, and they are that dandy is the most prevalent type of self-harm (Laukkanen et al, 2009) and that in all like stage businessss the consecutive scale of the problem goes unrecorded. The latter could be collectable to several reasons mingled with youths hiding the fact they perform self-harm and that parents who have no fears in regards to their children, are less likely to give consent to permit these studies recording data. (Hintikka et al, 2009).With all reports agreeing that the situation as a whole reflects merely the tip of an iceberg, and that findings do not cover the bulk of acts that go unnoticed by the medical services, health professionals require a greater understanding of the topic, in order to tackle the problem when they do encounter it. As School Nurses are practically the first to contact youths who self harm (McDougal, 2003), it is plain more vital to provide an understanding and doer to dispense this problem. Whilst establishing a professional where pupils feel comfortable in disclosing their behaviour , it is as well vital to erect awareness in the school and community at large of the dangers of this self-harming behaviour (Hackney, 2009). However the root of the problem lies in identifying those who are prone to slap-up and other acts of self harm, and understanding why they retreat to take this step.why Adolescents Self-HarmThere appear to be many reasons offered as to why adolescents recognise to harm themselves including to feel more alive, to distract from the reality of their situation, and to even turn a profit relief from the pressures that surround them (Mental Health Foundation, 2006, a). It can be used as a means of dealing with emotional essentials of anger, sadness or printing (Mental Health Foundation, 2006, a), or ev en as a means of expressing proscribe emotions such as self-loathing or loneliness. Whatever the cause, the reason behind it is much that the adolescents mind finds it easier to deal with physical unhinge and trauma than the emotional pain that is the root of the problem (Medical Health Foundation, 2006, a). Physically, there are endorphins volcanod during the act of snub which serve as to calm the person down (Starr, 2004). In doing this, the anxiety is reduced and not only is the adolescent satisfied emotionally, but also potentially addicted physically. Adolescents a lot feel that betwixt studies and their family, they have no deem over their own life and as such piercing can be a means of exerting watch over themselves physically. (Derouin and Bravender, 2004). However in certain circumstances, it can be used to exert control of those around the youth, such as friends, family, and other loved ones. (Freeman, 2002).With this in mind, it is perceivable why youths take t o self harm as a means of resolving their emotional issues, as it has been recorded that most youths who have undertaken the act, view as it in a positive(p) light (Griesbach, 2008). However it is only a temporary solution and an very much dangerous one at that. any(prenominal) gratification gained from the act itself does nothing to relive the underlying problem (Mental Health Foundation, 2006), and as such cannot be expected to resolve itself. Those who choose to self harm, tend to do so because of a complex combination of reasons and experiences, kinda than a single, governing event (Fox and Hawton, 2004). As such, it can often be difficult for a Nurse to address these issues as a corporal when dealing with those who self-harm.Factors associated to Self HarmGirls are more prone to interiorise their problems than boys and as such, certain pieces of literature believe that girls are far more likely than boys to resort to self harm (Hawton et al, 2002). In contradiction to th is, certain texts would state that in a study of admissions to an accident and emergency department, almost as many boys were admitted as girls, for the act of self harm (Lilley et al, 2008). As such, it is important to acknowledge that the differences between genders, may not reflect the likelihood of acidulous as any greater than the other.There a re also emotional factors tied to self harm, tha t include feelings of loneliness, isolation, depression, thwarting and worthlessness (Griesbach, 2008). These feelings in and of themselves often a re enough to cause concern that a youth could self harm, however unite with other factors such as separation from loved ones (through arguments or neglect), bullying or even abuse could amplify the risk of self-harm (Griesbach, 2008). It is just as important when considering these factors, that not some(prenominal)body who has suffered neglect or abuse will self-harm, and that those that have will often handle things in a less destructive m anner (Turp, 2002).Other behavioural factors have been linked to those who self-harm, which include aggressive tendencies, vile educational performance, substance abuse, and most commonly depressive moods (Laukkanen et al, 2009). There are also those who suffer from stress, or who feel as if they have little control over their life. (Griesbach, 2008)Family and RelationshipsWhilst behavioural problems can be tied to the reasons behind self-harm, often it is those closest to the adolescent that promote these issues, knowingly or otherwise, such as a parental figure providing either overprotection, or a lack of care (Marchetto, 2006). There are many psychosociable issues that may impart forbid emotions, stress, or pressures upon a youth, with serious family and relationship problems organism the more common (Laukkanen et al, 2009). With this to consider, a school nurse must realise that even the most superficial act of self harm could be linked to a very deep and complex series of ps ychosocial problems. Young people often feel uncomfortable opening up about such backgrounds, no matter of family circumstance (Griesbach, 2008) and consequently it can be difficult for a school nurse to uncover the true cause of self-harm with a patient. This difficulty in opening up must be considered when assessing a youth suspect of self harm in order to best establish a relationship with the patient and thus a level of trust (Griesbach, 2008).Mental concerns.A high proportion of children can be diagnosed with mental disorders. With mental health problems such as anxiety, depression and even eating disorders creation strongly linked to those who self-harm (Hintikka et al, 2009), these high proportions become all the more concerning. match to The Mental Health Foundation (2006, b) One in ten children have a mental health disorder, coupled with the strong links between self harm and these disorders gives cause for concern as to how much goes unrecorded. economic crisis has eve n been recognised as a major factor behind self harm (Derouin and Bravender, 2004), which is becoming even more common with girls who choose to cut. (Hintikka et al, 2009). However there is often a stigma attached to mental health issues that a school nurse will have to worst when addressing these problems. Often establishing a heightened awareness of these disorders within the community will remove some of the stigma related to these disorders, and in turn will assist youths to be more open and healthy with their thoughts (Hackney, 2009).Some adolescents however, have been discover to have self-harmed for years by successfully hiding their injuries, and have shown no signs of a mental disorder (Derouin and Bravender, 2004) that stimulates the necessity to cut. Even if mental problems are not to blame however, the act of self harm is a sign that something is wrong within the youths life self harm often being the outward response to un preferable circumstances (Griesbach, 2008).So cial Circumstances couple pressure is an all in any case common part of adolescence. In regards to self-harm, this combined with curiosity and risk taking behaviour will often act as encouragement to try it (Derouin and Bravender, 2004). It is important for a school nurse to understand the presence of peer pressure, and be mindful of it when assisting those who have to quash self-mutilation. Indeed it is necessary to be mindful of all outside social developmental issues when a school nurse attempts to break the cycle of cutting with a patient. (Derouin and Bravender, 2004).Suicide.Whilst those who choose to self cut or self polish off often are not intending to attempt suicide, there can often be a risk. Often they are simply attempting to release extreme anxiety or inner pain, (Derouin and Bravender, 2004). However, there are difficulties when addressing this problem as a school nurse. Those who choose to cut are often less likely to be at risk of suicide than those who harm in a different manner often their only aim is to release tension, and they are more in control of the damage they are inflicting than other methods. (Griesbach, 2008). However, evidence fundings the notion that those who self-harm, will repeatedly self-harm, and in turn this increases their risk of suicide, intended or not (Cleaver, 2007).It is important to remember that in general young people will see suicide, and self-harm as two very separate things. Unfortunately for a school nurse, the characteristics of those who self-harm and those who intend to commit suicide are often shared (Hawton and James, 2005). Thus it can be a very challenging experience for a School Nurse to identify pupils who self harm who are at risk of suicide in a medium or a short term. It is vital for School Nurses to recognise the differences between the two, and intervene at the earliest possible opportunity, for every case of self-harm. Whilst Suicide is a rare event (NICE, 2004), it is still the trine mos t common cause of death in the adolescent age group. As such any discovery of self-harming should be fully assessed for require, emotional, psychological and social factors that are specific to the individual case (NICE, 2004) so as to better assess the problem at hand.InterventionsThere is some count as to the best method to stop repeated self-harm, and unfortunately there is a lack of good evidence to gage one method over another (NICE, 2004). Randomise Control Trials (RCT) are often the chancellor choice of researching and comparing differing interventions (Harner and Collinson, 2005). There had been positive results found within the neighborhood of group therapy. Wood (2001) found promising results from a study into developmental group psychotherapy, recording a clinically significant difference to favour group therapy above other forms of aftercare and upon this evidence a first line of treatment should be prescribed as group therapy. Unfortunately in contrast to this a re cent repetition of the study failed to yield any positive results to suggest that group therapy was a superior treatment (Hazell et al, 2009). As we can see there is a great difficulty in assessing the value of any research into treatment, and the importance of repeating the tests for grounded evidence.Young people say that they wish to be helped in a way that feels comfortable for them. This is understandable, as they are often discussing a private matter. Private support groups, one on one sessions and drop in services are viewed as particularly helpful (Griesbach, 2008). One of the most important factors is overcoming the contradict attitude associated with the disorder something that is even possessed by the nurses who treat it (Cleaver, 2007). As such it is important to treat the patient with respect and to listen to their problems, even if their roots do not stem from self-harm, but from daily, or emotional issues. umteen who have self harmed state that had this service been available to them in the first place, they would not have started their disorder (Mental Health Foundation, 2006, a)Preventative measures must be taken to address self-harm in all of its forms. A school nurse is positioned at the forefront of these preventative measures, and often can find themselves in the best possible position to assist the youth. However self harm is a very large, and very complex problem for a school nurse to address, with evidence suggesting nurses to feel overwhelmed and under supported when tackling the issue (Cook and James, 2009). With this in mind, the further education of school nurses to equip them to deal with these issues cannot be disregarded (NICE, 2004).When preventative measures fail it is good practise to advise people who repeatedly self injure with management techniques such as, how best to deal with scarring, alternative coping strategies, and harm minimalisation techniques (NICE, 2004). This concept is well established in health promotion an d has been applied in recent years successfully to both sexual health education and in a diminution of teenage pregnancies (Lesley, 2008). Adolescence is a time for striving for independence, experimenting and taking risks (Lesley, 2008) and this approach of minimising self harm can often be the best approach to tackling those who have already self harmed.Evidence to suggest an effective treatment is not abundant (NICE, 2004) but to focus on minimising the damage is a negative approach. Certain voluntary organizations advocate the thought If you feel the need to self harm, focus on staying within the safe limits (Mind, 2010). Young people urgency a range of options for self help best suited to them, even if it is something as simple as something to distract themselves from self harm for just a short period of time (Mental Health Foundation, 2006, a). Successful animal magnetism techniques have been known to include using ice instead of cutting, or even marking with a red pen oth er means involve simply venting pent up frustration such as by punching a punch bag (Mental Health Foundation, 2006, a) not all reliefs have to be physical, however, and often fanciful pursuits such as writing, drawing and painting can have a very positive effect (Griesbech, 2008). Often, it is much more constructive to engage in creative rather than destructive behaviour and is even more likely to change behavioural response to self harm (Norman and Ryrie, 2004).If unavoidable, it is advocated that those who cut use clean, terse instruments and avoid areas that include veins and arteries (Pengelly, 2008). When advocating this a nurse must consider both the legal and ethical arguments of endorsing any form of self harm (Pengally, 2008). Many do not feel comfortable discussing these minimalisation techniques over the concern that this could be construed as encouragement and leave the nurse vulnerable to backlash (Pengally, 2008). That said, often self harm may be the only control t hat a young person feels that they have over their lives (Derouin and Bravender, 2004) it is essential for a nurse, when support adolescents, to make effective clinical decisions. Ethical dilemmas and diverse situations often start in this field of medicine and must be balanced with the needs of the patient and community (Bennet, 2008).Ultimately, when undertaking these decisions, practitioners must consult with the rest of the clinical team and maintain in depth records. Similarly, the decision whether or not to inform the parents raises another ethical question. Inititally, it can damage trust between the nurse and patient in future consultations, however, should a youth be considered mature enough they should be treated as adults and thus abandoned the same level of confidentiality (Hendrick, 2010).Limitations.The majority of sources of information within this review is qualitative research which is related to the desire to obtain the opinions of individuals alongside their exp eriences (Watson et al, 2008). The benefits of qualitative methods are that often a greater wealth of information is obtained, in terms of social and personal experiences and insights than would otherwise be available (Hall, 2006). Unfortunately, there are many criticisms that beset qualitative studies. For instance, many disregard the findings as they are not ecologically valid due to the small seek coat (Parahoo, 2006) as such, findings of many studies often only reflect the characteristics of that particular sample as opposed to the diverse population that engage in the act of self harm. Furthermore, it is difficult to justify evidencing qualitative research as often its results are interpretative (Aveyard, 2010) of course, findings can also be affected by the differing assessment methods used to collate the information, such as whether the assessment was done autonomously or if it relied on parental consent.Recommendations.Harm minimalisation techniques need to be widely avai lable to adolescents who self harm with recognization of the ethical dilemmas, in order to support school nurses within this field of practise. Future literature on the subject also needs to choose its terminology carefully and focus upon one form of self harm rather than generalising. This is the only manner in which a specific treatment can be formulated to address each individual form of self harm allowing nursing to develop appropriate preventative interventions. School nurses should also refer all youths who harm to CAMHS. The presumption that young people that cut are not suicidal or that they do not have mental illness is too high a risk to consider and even though the majority hold neither of these disorders, they can not be overlooked due to the minority that do possess them.Conclusion.The true extent of self harm or self cutting is very difficult to determine due to the inconsistencies and definition and underreporting that often it goes unnoticed. What can be agreed upon, is that self cutting is an increasing and serious problem among adolescents. School nurses hold a vital role in the management of this disorder and are often at the forefront of any prevention, treatment and education. An understanding of why adolescents self harm and all linked factors are vital for undertaking treatment of a patient. However, this challenge is complex and requires a large amount of training and support it is very important to avoid any stigma attached to self harming when treating youth, they are often not attention seeking and frequently posess a lot of problems in their lives. Self harm masks underlying emotional, psychological and social trauma and can simply be a youths only result to relieve stress and emotional tension. It is undeniable that self harm is a rapidly expanding area of research, however upon reviewing this literature many questions are still left unanswered. There is still the underlying moral and ethical difficulties that a school nurse must consider when supporting those who self harm

Defining Drug Addiction

delineate medicine habituationSweet Jesus, Aunt Betty the white ladys riding a white horse. Heroin, diacetylmorphine heroin and heroin, these argon tot ally slang address for one thing, heroin. It is back in full force. Heroin dropd to be predominantly applyd by poor, urban youth, scarcely in new- do years, it has grown more popular in the middle form, and affects suburban batch of all ages. It is here and it is in your neighborhood. thither is no one superstar causal change for medicine deprave. A range of indivi ternary, family, social, environsal and former(a) peril f achievementors shake off been identified. Males be more exchange competently to affair outlaw(a) medicines at earlier ages than females, and more prone to physical exercise them to try to get by with fusss (Spooner, 1999). Individuals who struggle with reputation disorders very much hurl trouble dealing with other(a)s. They of cristal tend to be solemn in character and al near level in their ways and unable to manage change n earlyish. This ca practices an inability to answer to the normal changes and demands of invigoration. People with personality disorders often feel that they be normal, just tend to pee-pee a narrow view of life. They find it extremely difficult to bankrupticipate in the routine daily activities of living. The repercussions of medicate tread argon vast yet all encompassing and affect bulk of all ages. Treatment is the only answer regardless of whether one chooses to commence a medicate purloin or it is, as believed, a disease. This theme pass on explore the psychology of dependence and examine the relevant research, and psychological theories as it pertains to the issues of drug addiction and propose deuce solutions to address this paradox with a final solution be chosen by the writer, as the best course of action for hook individuals.Defining Drug dependencyThe discipline ground on Drug Ab persona (NIDA) defines add iction as a degenerative, often relapsing virtuoso disease that precedents autocratic drug seeking and use, despite the harmful effects to the drug user and to those around them. It is a brain disease because it in truth changes the grammatical construction of the brain and the way in which is kick the buckets. The Ameri chiffonier Society of Addiction Medicine (ASAM) released a new exposition of addiction last year, stating, in bankrupt that addiction is a chronic brain disorder and non simply a behavioral problem. For the for the first time off sentence, the ASAM has interpreted an official position that addiction is not solely connect to behaviors and neglect of pull strings. The actual short definition reads as followsAddiction is a primary, chronic disease of brain re contendd, motivation, memory and related term of enlistmentry. Dysfunction in these circuits leads to characteristic biological, psychological, social and spiritual manifestations. This is reflec ted in an individual pathologically prosecute re struggled and/or relief by substance use and other behaviors. Addiction is characterized by the inability to consistently abstain, impairment in behavioral control, and craving, diminished recognition of significant problems with ones behaviors and interpersonal relationships, and a dys working(a) wound up response. Like other chronic diseases, addiction often involves cpss of relapse and remission. Without preaching or engagement in recovery activities, addiction is progressive and can result in disability or premature death (Definition of Addiction (2011, April 19). go the decision to take drugs is voluntary for around deal, the brain whence changes over time, and those changes challenge a persons self-control and ability to freeze off the jolly a ample to use. This is wherefore addiction classifies as a brain disease the drug actually changes the brains building and the way in which it functions. These changes can be long perpetual and lead to harmful behaviors in people who abuse drugs (National Institutes of hygienicness National Institute on Drug Abuse, 2011). Because of these changes, quitting is often difficult for those that atomic number 18 ready try, and it often takes more than one attempt. Addiction can slip by despite a persons strength of character and once it occurs, repeated use changes the delicate and complex remainss of the brain. correspond to Drs. N. Volkow and H. Schelbert, of NIDA, the brain imaging studies from drug- accustomed individuals array actual physical changes in those atomic number 18as of the brain critical to judgment, decision- qualification, schooling, memory, and behavior control. This is merely another reason why researchers believe that these changes alter the actual function of the brain and may help to explain the compulsive, destructive behaviors, which go along with addiction. Drugs of abuse contain chemicals, which actually tap into the brains c ommunication system and actually disrupt the way nerve cells normally send, receive and process schooling. thither are at least two ways that this disruption happens by imitating the brains natural chemical messengers and by over stimulating the re struggled circuit of the brain (National Institutes of Health National Institute on Drug Abuse, 2011).misc_volkow.gif theatrical role National Institutes of Health National Institute on Drug Abuse. perennial drug exposure changes brain function. Positron emission tomography (PET) images are illustrated designateing similar brain changes in dopamine receptors resulting from addiction to divergent substances cocaine, methamphetamine, alcohol, or heroin. The striatum (which contains the reward and motor circuitry) shows up as sparkly red and yellow in the controls (in the left tugboat), indicating numerous dopamine D2 receptors. Conversely, the brains of addicted individuals (in the right column) show a less intense signal, indicating lower levels of dopamine D2 receptors (Volkow, N. D. (Medical Imaging Scan). (2012). PET Images of Brain Changes later Repeated Drug Exposure). lessen dopamine drudgery eventually leaves the user incapable of feeling whatever sense of diversion, even from the drugs that feed the addiction. Scientists can now visualize this, in the above scan, the lack of dopamine receptors do not show up as bright red and yellow in the right column as they do on the left, in the control group. Drugs of abuse to a fault affect the regions of the brain that help to control desires and emotions which results in a lack of control, and leads the addict to pursue the drug compulsively despite the lack of fun produced.Researchers in China at the Mental Health Institute excessively conducted an imaging study to investigate the gray matter volume in 20 former IV heroin users at three geezerhood after abstinence, and again at one month after abstinence. They besides utilise 20 normal subjects used as the control group. They implant that at the three-day mark, decreased gray matter density was found in the frontal cortex and occipital regions of the brain scarcely at the one-month mark, on that point were no significant differences in those regions in the brains of the heroin addicts and the control group. While this was a small study and would need to be replicated in a larger group, what they found was that the changes occurring in the brain were, at least in part, reversible. They had initially, based on previous studies, hypothesized that the heroin hooked subject would prevail decreased gray matter density permanently (Wang X., 2012).Understanding the habituate BrainIllicit drugs (drugs), the term used to describe drugs which are chthonic international control and that are produced, trafficked and/or consumed illicitly(UNODC Information al well-nigh drugs, 2012), use affects every part of the brain and its functioning. Drugs and alcohol interfere with the exchange o f information in your brain, which actually produce changes that promote drug use. Just comprehend a drug or its paraphernalia can bring antecedent pleasure. This paper will place just a few of the part that are affected. The addicted brain is distinctly different from the non-addicted brain, as manifested by changes in metabolic activity, receptor availability, gene expression, and responsiveness to environmental cues. The activating of the brains reward system seems to be the ordinary element in what meat hooks individuals on drugs.Drugs alter the interchange nucleus of the almond shaped part of the brain, know as the amygdala. The amygdala has a key function in the acute reinforcing actions of drugs of abuse. The amygdala is a part of the limbic system and is accountable for regulating emotions, fear and pleasure (Koob Volkow, 2009). Drugs besides alter the part of the brain involved in impulse control, the prefrontal cortex, which makes it more difficult for addicts t o resist taking drugs. This finding may help to explain why adolescents are more susceptible to addiction the prefrontal cortex does not scram fully developed until people reach their mid-20s. The brain becomes used to these changes caused by the drug and begins altering its normal production and release of neurotransmitters (Harryman, 2011). The addict begins to support control and has difficulty limiting drug intake, the need to consume becomes compulsive because the drug has affected the regions of the brains cont rolling impulse, craving and behavior. The individual is addicted. Initially, interfering with this system makes the user feel good but it leads to seeking the behaviors, which give pleasure at any cost. Chronic drug use causes changes in the structure and function of the neurons that can last for years, even after the user is clean. These changes to the brains structure and functions over time actually reduce the pleasurable effects of the drugs but also increase th e cravings resulting in a destructive spiral.Scientists are education how genetics and environmental factors, worry stress, contribute to these neural disruptions and increase the risk of addiction. This on sledding research is allowing researchers to understand how habit-forming substances affect the brains reward system, and allowing for the reading of more effective therapies for treating addiction. When a person takes an addictive drug, from nicotine to heroin, chemicals travel swiftly through the blood stream into certain key brain regions known as the reward system, the nucleus accumbens, which regulates the ability to feel pleasure. With continued drug use, the circuitry of this system becomes flooded with dopamine.Dopamine, a brain chemical, or neurotransmitter, activates specific sites on brain cells called receptors to increase pleasure and reward. Over time, the brain adjusts to the excess dopamine by decreasing the lean of dopamine receptors and the overall amount of dopamine in the brain. Users must past consume more and more of the drug to achieve the same gamey. Disruption to the brains reward system is only part of the reason why drug addictions are so difficult to overcome, and why relapses can occur even after years of abstinence. Neuroscientists submit also discovered drugs alter connections in brain circuits that regulate learning and memory, causation bulletproof associations in the midst of the drugs pleasurable brilliance and the circumstances under which it is taken. In fact, scientist are beginning to postulate that the whole action surrounding the acquiring high up, is just as addictive than the actual drug itself. The rush for the addict often comes from pursuit of the activity. Drug addicts tend to be risk takers and soak seekers and expect to have a pleasurable reaction to their substance of abuse before they use it. roughly experts in the field of addiction immediately prefer the term addictive behaviors, to addict ion. The biological, psychological, and social processes by which addictions occur have cat valium pathways. All addictions have roots in genetic predispositions and biological characters. Many in the field say that addictions have characteristics in common and so do addicts. Regardless of the source of addiction, the effects are in the main concentrated in the brain physically, chemically, and psychologically affecting emotions and energy levels. Addicts have distinct preferences for one substance over another and for how they go about using the substance they abuse. Many addicts have problems with self-regulation and impulse control, they tend to use drugs as a coping strategy in dealing with twain stress and their everyday lives in general. They do not seek a way to escape so much, but more as a way to manage their lives. Heroin The SequelAcross the nation, heroin use is increasing at an alarming rate and affecting a impress people, kids in the suburbs. Heroin is a highly addictive drug and the most rapidly acting of the opiate class. The kids in the cities know not to touch it but it seems that message never made it to the kids in the suburbs. The biggest connection seems to be between prescription painkillers and heroin. The opiate high that kids get from drugs such(prenominal) as OxyCodone is much like the one that they get from heroin use. The kicker is that heroin is much cheaper and more well obtained and the high is more intense. A small bag of heroin is cheaper than a six-pack of beer in somewhat places and is estimated to be 15 times purer than it was in the 1970s. The increased purity means that it is easier for users to it. Many teens have a mistaken vagary that snorting the drug makes them less likely to become addicted to it. Kids are going to believe that this is not a problem, and parents are going to continue to leave their prescription opioids unattended if they dont know about the risks, say Wesley Clark, director of the Cente r for stub Abuse Treatment at the incision of Health and Human Services (Drug Enforcement Agency, 2012).According to the 2008 National Survey on Drug Use and Health, the number of current (past-month) heroin users aged 12 or older in the U.S. increased from 153,000 in 2007 to 213,000 in 2008. There were 114,000 first-time users of heroin aged 12 or older in 2008. This number keeps climbing (National Institutes of Health, 2010).heroin_use_2009.pngImage from National Institutes of HealthLike most parents in upper-middle class neighborhoods, parents do not realize that in that location is a problem out at that place and continue to leave their prescriptions out and unmonitored. Heroin used to be used by predominantly poor, urban youth, read black. In recent years, it is growing more popular in the middle class suburban areas, read white. In truth, close to 90% of teen heroin addicts are white (Department of Drug Enforcement, 2012). In 2010, there were 140,000 persons aged 12 or old er who had used heroin for the first time inside the past 12 months. This estimate was similar to the estimate in 2009 (180,000) and to estimates during 2002 to 2008 (ranging from 91,000 to 118,000 per year). The modal(a) age at first use among recent initiates aged 12 to 49 was 21.3 years, significantly lower than the 2009 estimate (25.5 years) (National Institutes of Health National Institute on Drug Abuse, 2011).Heroins most important ingredient is morphine. morphia is derived from the sucker of the Papaver somniferum, the scientific name for the opium poppy. sheepskin coatistan is the number one opium poppy producer in the world, and supplies more than 90% of the worlds opium.poppy.gif seedpod.jpgThe opium poppy, papaver somniferum and the seed pod, showing the exudates/sap.Image Morphine Heroin.It would not be a far stretch to think that the war in Afghanistan and the increase in heroin use in the fall in States are somehow related. According to a CNN news root word, there have been eight Americans who have died from overdoses involving heroin, morphine or other opiates in Afghanistan from 2010 to 2011. These overdoses were revealed in documents that showed that the force had officially investigated 56 soldiers, including the eight that died, on suspicion of possession, use and distribution of heroin and other opiates. Heroin use is on the draw close in the Army overall, military statistics show that the number of soldiers testing positively charged for heroin has increased from ten in 2002 to 116 in 2010. Army officials did not respond to questions, but official infixs from the Criminal Investigation Command show how soldiers bought drugs from Afghan juveniles. The storey also reveals that soldier lingo for the drug is Afghan dip(CNN, Martinez, M., 2012). USA Today, reported that medical officials estimated that 25% to 35% of about 10,000 hurt soldiers assigned to special wounded-care companies or battalions are addicted or dependent on drugs oddly prescription narcotic pain relievers, according to an Army inspector generals report made public in January of 2011(CNN, Retterbush, T., 2012)Since the US violation of Afghanistan, the heroin output has increased over 5000 percent, according to Glenn Greenway of the Drug Truth Network. Immediately following the 2001 invasion, opium prices spiraled and by 2002, the opium price was almost ten times higher than in 2000, the United Nations Office of Drug control (UNODC) acknowledged. Heroin use in the United States and Europe are at epidemic proportions (CNN, Retterbush, T., 2012).In East Alton, there have been twelve heroin overdoses before the year is even half over. This places the county on track for a record number of heroin overdoses. This places the county on track for a record number of heroin overdoses. Fatalities from all drug overdoses are soon at 22 references for 2011 (Occaisionalplanet.org, Mike Davis, 2011). East Alton is a Village, with a U.S. Census agree p opulation of 6,301 in 2010. There have been so more put down cases of drug activity in the community, the Police Department has now made a form available online to citizens so that they may anonymously report a house suspected in or near their neighborhood, or any suspected drug activity (Village of East Alton, 2012). Fatalities from all drug overdoses are currently at 22 cases for 2011. The US is not solo in this epidemic, Russia estimates that one in every 50 people of work age is addicted to heroin. South Wales has seen a jump of 180% in heroin addiction rates. In 2008, the European Union, (EU) estimated that a young European died every hour from a drug overdose. What is the cause for this epidemic across the planet? Last year, Russia publicly blamed the US and NATO for refusing to eradicate poppy production by US allied warlords, resulting in an estimated 30,000 heroin deaths in Russia in a single year. The US Congressional Research Service estimates that Afghanistan curren tly accounts for 90% of the worlds illicit opium (the essential ingredient of all narcotics) supply. Opium revenues for Afghanistan are alike to 7% of the licit GDP for the nation with 10% of the population actively participating.According to the progressive online news site, Occasional Planet, the ultimate cause of the heroin epidemic destroying much of the world and local youth is the Afghanistan war and the myopic policies involved there. This flood of heroin is a direct result of the war efforts.afghanistan-drug-chart.jpgImage taken from occasionalplanet.orgTheorists and Theories AppliedThe most common type of dual diagnosis is a connection between a mental or personality disorder and a substance abuse disorder such as alcoholism or drug addiction. The reason that these two disorders go hand in hand is that drug addiction and alcohol addiction are often caused by depression, anxiety and other personality disorders. According to researchers at the University of Manitoba, Winni peg Department of Psychiatry, using drugs or alcohol to reduce aroused distress or self-medicating is common among people with mood disorders and the general population as a whole. Researchers found that 24.1 percent of people used drugs oralcohol to relieve their symptoms. In essence, the people knew they had mental illnesses, and they took drugs and alcohol in order to make those symptoms less palpable. By taking drugs and adding dopamine to their systems, they were able to mask their mental illness symptoms. Dual diagnosis is should be the outlook and not the exception.Dr. Marvin Zuckerman, at the University of Delaware, has conducted research on an aspect of personality that he calls sensation seeking. This trait has large hereditary components. Zuckerman describes sensation seeking as a desire for varied, novel, complex, and intense sensations and experience, and the willingness to take physical, legal, and financial risks for the sake of such experiences. His theory points o ut that those identified as antisocial risk takers are unremarkably drug addicts. Zuckermans theory has commonsense appeal. It is easy to accept the idea that people differ in their need for excitement and risk, change and adventure. During an interview with BigThink.com, Mr. Zuckerman had this to say in response to a question posed by the interviewerQuestion Are risk-seekers more prone to becoming addicted to drugs?Marvin Zuckerman Well, there are four types of risk taking which form the core you magnate say, smoking, drinking, drugs and sex. Now you can see three of those are substance maltreaters, and they act through the central nervous system. They act on centers in the central nervous system that give intrinsic pleasure. Particularly stimulant drugs like cocaine. They provide pleasure. They provide the kick that activities provide, as sex provides, for the sensation seeker. They are all correlated because they are all aspects of intensity seeking sensation and the novelty t oo. There is a difference, for instance, in drug users between those who are highsensation seekers and those that are low. I found this out when I was treating drug abusers. The low sensation well the average sensation-seeking drug abuser tries one drug, which he enjoys particularly and sticks to it. The lows try many different drugs. So, perpetually they get into odd drugs like LSD that affect their masterminds as well as they provide unusual sensations as well as arousal, the lows perplex away from those drugs.Question What is a specific link between high sensation seeking and drug use?Marvin Zuckerman You find for instance that high sensation seekers there are not many men, who love war and combat, but there are a few, there are some who really find that exciting and will re-volunteer simply because they are blase with military life outside of combat. In addition, there are mixed substances, which are interesting as they stimulate the same sensors that are ruttish by inten se and novel external stimulation. Drugs do that more directly, particularly drugs like cocaine.Control theory, or Perceptual Control Theory (PCT), takes a different path, it view variability at the essence of behavior. The heart of control theory is that the organisms control and what they control is not behavior at all but perception(Powers M. A., 2005 (1994)). To put it simply, behavior is the control of perception(Powers W. T., 2009). According to Bill Powers, the developer of PCT, the living thing is in the drivers seat, driving the car. The control theorist would say that difference arises when the adolescent/young adult, lack sufficient ties with conventional groups, such as family, schools and religious organizations the alienation from those prevailing values that those groups in stable are associated with drug use. This lack of social bonding has been found to be predictive of early or frequent drug use and resistance to traditional ascendence and normlessness(Spooner, 19 99). Raymond L. Calabrese offers a definition of alienation in general, as the relationship of individuals to their environment and specifically, it describes the relationship in terms of isolation, meaninglessness, normlessness and powerlessness (pg. 14). This and other personality traits have been found to be associated with drug abuse.Self-efficacy is the concept that lies at the center of Albert Banduras fond Cognitive Theory. Self-efficacy is the belief in ones capabilities to organize and execute the courses of action necessary to manage prospective situations (Self-Efficacy in Changing Societies, Bandura, 1995, p. 2). Bandura also mentions that developing strong self-efficacy is through mastery experiences ((Fletcher, 2003). These experiences are a double-edged sword. If completed, they improve ones self-efficacy. If failed, they breach it. Individuals with low self-efficacy often abandon their goals at the first signs of even a minor obstacle. They tend to have all-or-not hing patterns of thinking. There is no room for being human, nor the possibility for mistakes. According to Caron, a non-profit provider of drug and alcohol treatment in PA, current statistics show relapse rates for addictive diseases usually are in the range of 50% to 90% however, these rates parti-color by definition of relapse, severity of addiction, which drug of addiction, length of treatment, and elapsed time from treatment discharge to assessment, as well as other factors. SAMHSA, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Service Administration regularly get wind and publish this information.According to supporters of Addictive Personality theory, a distinct trait predisposes individuals to addictions. Much of the established medical community does not accept addictive personality as a diagnosis used to explain why some people become addicted to alcohol, drugs, activities or even emotions. Stephen Mason, PhD, state in his article Look at it this way in psychological science Today, A major misconception involving addiction is the idea that certain substances are, all by themselves, addicting. He goes on to add, Addiction depends, first and foremost, upon having an addictive personality. Such people, estimated at perhaps 10%-15% of the population, simply do not know when to stop.The nature and existence of this trait is still hotly debated in medical, neurobiological and psychological communities, there are definite implications in the brain that contribute to addictions. Dr. Alan Leshner, PhD of the National Institute on Drug Abuse describes addictions instead as a brain disease and a chronic relapsing disease, in that there are visible alterations in the brains of addicts and the effects are long lasting within their neurological patterns. Dr. Leshner also addresses the types of addiction and substance abuse that are often accredited to the addictive personality. He explains that there are two primary forms of addiction, one being the substance-based, the se cond being behavior-based.The substance-based addictions such as to alcohol, nicotine, narcotics are more easily explained and can be identified neurologically. reliable drugs like crack and heroin cause massive dopamine upsurges in the brain with different sensations ranging from invincibility or strength to euphoria or perceived enlightened states. The use of these substances almostimmediately changes particular aspects of the brains behavior, making most individuals immediately susceptible to future abuse and addiction.Also common is the behavioral aspect of addictions. These are not easily explained neurologically, but principally are included in the addiction susceptibility characterized by the personality trait (Leshner, 2001). Moreover, combined addictions, addictions that include both the substance as well as the behavior are also common. The physical act of foolery in the steps involved and repetitive behavior essentially succeeds at making the invisible, visible.Cognit ive Behavioral Therapy, (CBT), is the method used by many today as a single source method for destiny people get over emotional upsets in their lives. This type of therapy gives them the tools demand should they arise again. CBT teaches people how to change the way they think about things. In issues of addiction, the goal is to teach the person to recognize situations in which they are most likely to use, and identify situations that make them more vulnerable. It teaches them to avoid these circumstances if possible, and how to fuck with other problems and behaviors which may lead to their substance abuse. CBT has two main components, functional analysis in which the therapist and client work together to identify the feelings, and give the client insight into what led to their abuse in the first place. The second component is skills training. The goal is to get the person to learn or re-learn better coping skills. This is achieved through a process of unlearning old habits and le arning and developing healthier skills and habits. The main premises are to educate, to identify and to change.Some therapist mix different orientations and teachings. They are eclectic in their therapy styles, and fleece and choose from different orientations. This pick and choose method is probably the most controversial style as it is, more often than not, of no hit to the client and may be detrimental. Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy, (REBT) was explicate in the 1950s by Dr. Albert Ellis. REBT and CBT are similar but slightly different approaches to psychotherapy. REBT teaches that outside elements, the world around you, do not shape emotions but the interactions with such and the beliefs and expectations, which we hold which give rise to the emotions we feel. When your beliefs become rigid, then emotional disturbance is the result. REBT teaches clients to modify the belief so that it is not so rigid and therefore less likely to create emotional upset. instance of rigid be liefs Everyone should agree with me and when that is modified, it becomes It would be nice if everyone agreed with me, but I realize that not everyone will. REBT is based on the premise that whenever we become upset, it is not the events taking place in our lives that upset us it is the beliefs that we hold that cause us to become depressed, anxious, enraged, etc.Immediate Short Term set up of HeroinSoon after using, abusers report feeling a surge of pleasurable sensations, the rush. The intensity of this rush depends on how much of the drug is taken and how quickly the drug enters the brain and binds to the natural opioid receptors. One of the reasons why heroin is so addictive is because of the speed at which it enters the brain. The effects of heroin are almost immediate and last typically, from three to pentad hours. This rush is come with by a warm flushing sensation, dry mouth, slight nausea, itching, and a healthy feeling in the extremities (AstriCon 2012 Hooked on heroi n Dane Countys deadliest drug, 2010). Some users report that they enter a dream-like state where nothing matters, they equate this to bliss (Weyant, 2012). The user may also experience severe nausea, vomiting, and severe itching, which is usually the case with first use. I got so sick the first time I banged up (injected), I actually puked but then right after that, this warm feeling came all over me and wow, I was gone. It was like this warm, rolling orgasm but it was my whole body. I cant explain it, this is so weird talking about this with you, but you asked. Sometimes I still get sick but thats when I know its good dope, you dont mind vomiting behind smack (Weyant, 2012). After this initial rush, abusers usually will be drowsy for several hours, they call this getting a gesticulate on (Weyant, 2012). Mental function is clouded by heroins effect on the central nervous system. Cardiac function slows, and breathing is severely slowed, sometimes to the point of death. The goal of t he addict is to recreate this rush, but with each use it becomes harder and harder to obtain. It is never like the first time, no matter how much I do. Mom, its like this Its an identity, vocation, and pastime, a lover, master, and my best friend. It makes me sick sitting here admitting all of this to you but it is what it is. Heroin is just everything to every addict, all the time. (Weyant, 2012). This is the vicious cycle of addiction.5522_2 brain_nih.gifBrain on Drugs.Image National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Drug AbuseHeroin Hits HomeHeroin has killed more people in Dane County than any other drug in the past five

Furniture manufacturing companies

Furniture manufacturing companiesEXECUTIVE SUMMARYThe of import ch individu every(prenominal)yenge of article of furniture manufacturing companies is to leave alone innovative harvests in shorter conviction cycles, at reduced bell, and with changed bore. The furniture fabrication is driven by demands for w atomic number 18s that be low-cost and snap off than the unitarys they replace. In order to meet market requirements, indus accentuate has been moving to Asia, which is now the primary source of furniture.All countries in EU find themselves facing rapidly rising incomes and living standards that ar convey up prod cost and taxes. To principal(prenominal)tain matchedness, companies argon rapidly transferring labour-intensive operations into countries like India, Malaysia, China, the Philippines, Thailand, Indonesia and Pakistan. As the benchmark for low-cost manufacturing, Malaysia is encouraging tout ensemble the countries to move into broad(prenominal)er val ue-added products and to invest in capital-intensive pedigreees. Malaysia consistently ranks lavishlyly on global and regional rankings for its attractive corporate tax rates, ease of hiring and easily developed infrastructure. Malaysia was rated at eighteen for close attractive environment for highly-skilled foreigners fit in to the IMD World Competitiveness Year book.Malaysia has become the leader in the Asiatic furniture manufacturing industry. Malaysia consists of three federal territories and thirteen states in Southeast Asia. Bordering nations allow in Thailand, Singapore, Indonesia, Brunei and the Philippines. The population of Malaysia is to a greater extent than 27 meg and covers an argona of more than 127,000 feather miles. caravan inn Furnitures prides on the dedication and commitment to hang on the high part furniture with affordable price and for your total customer satisfaction. We stir been increment to become one of the leading abiders of desks and rem its to schools, universities, and offices in U.K and the business development has been unattackable work but enjoyable one and has given us a solid reputation for efficiency of service, product knowledge and select.Our ac society presently does its business in UK with the name KHAN FURNITURE intends to set up a manufacturing unit in Johor (Malaysia) as part of the mission and ken to be the leading provider of Dining plug-in in the EU and has named the new manufacturing site as a KHAN MANUFACTURING UNIT. The main(prenominal) private-enterprise(a) advantages in locating the manufactory in Johor is the availability of the main sensitive material i.e., sepia hardwoodwind instrument, s outstripping pourboire proximity of suppler, low labour costs. right away the main task for the play along is to find a supp pillowr who bunghole supply honorable grapheme Mahogany hardwood, Staff Recruitment, catering costs and laudation of required licenses to set up the confederation . Our products be made by intelligent furniture craftsmen who lovingly pay great attention to each detail. game attention and discoveration go into choosing the finest hardwoods preparation of the wood and hand-shaping, sanding, staining and rubbing.The end products atomic number 18 then tradeed to Rotterdam (Europe) through transit for bargain. A W behouse is leased at Rotterdam for the storage of Dining Table and sends to all the diffusion networks when required.The company has elect four distribution channel to sell the products to gain supreme market share.This stray go away not scarcely(prenominal) enhance our original business but likewise leave alone be increase the service in future.1. 0 INTRODUCTIONThe main concept of setting up KHAN Manufacturing Unit in Malaysia is based on offering a wide range of well headinged and good quality reddish brownness eat s wishingens at low prices so that as some(prenominal) pack as possible bequeathing be able to afford them. The KHAN furniture tallys it possible to serve the many by providing affordable products that pass on to armed serviceing more people live a better liveliness at home. The aim is around to setting up factory in Malaysia to produce mahogany dine tables for sale in Europe. The report begins with the main object lenss concerned in setting up the factory in Malaysia. In doing so number of relevant issues is being considered this includes doing put to work, customer issues and supply issues. Additionally it looks at the aspects relating to location, staffing and other supporting functions like the purchase, finance and study technology and overly looks at the environmental issues, health and safety issues and elevate dimensions concerned with the competitive advantage.1.1 VISION AND MISSIONThe vision and mission is to be the leading provider of eat tables to the public in the EU deep down the next ten days at a profit.1.2 OBJECTIVESTo setup a factory in Malaysia to produce a range of Mahogany dine tablesTo offer our customers superior quality and unique designs furniture at affordable prices.Expand our product lines to meet customer demand and produce the topper quality mahogany tablesThe new factory depart enable us to cost effectively expand our product lines to meet European essence customer demand.The side by side(p) are the three key goals that the KHAN Company organises at fulfilling by opening the new manufacturing unit at Malaysia locoweed be summarised asenhancing the international profile of the company admitling the quality of products ( eat table)managing growth in order to en reliable that it strengthens the monetary position.2.0 LOCATION OF MACTURING UINT picking of the location is the main task of our project.2.1 GEOGRAPHICAL VIEW OF MALAYSIAMalaysia is one of the commodiousst countries in the Asia-Pacific group which has the predominantly timbered areas of Sabah and Sarawak, across the South China ocean on t he northern coast of Borneo. Its climate is tropical and often humid. Malaysia soon has 32.8 million hectares of land area, of which 24.8 million hectares 75.5 per cent of total land are classified as fo ease and tree cover. Of these, 19.5 million hectares are fo tranquility cover and 5.3 million hectares are tree cover. Of the total forest cover, 9.2 million hectares (47.4 per cent) are found in Sarawak, 5.9 million hectares (30.1 per cent) are found in Peninsular Malaysia and 4.4 million hectares (22.5 per cent) in Sabah.Malaysia exports furniture to more than 160 countries worldwide. Today, Malaysia is graded as the 10th largest furniture exporter in the world 3rd in Asia and 2nd in the ASEAN region.2.2 SELECTION OF MANUFACTURING SITEOur manufacturing unit will be located in Johor which is in the southern portion of peninsular Malaysia. It is one of the intimately well developed states in Malaysia and has got all the facilitating conditions for the company to master like t he close proximity to port, airport and hotels. The location of the plant at Johor departs in reduced overhead and supply costs. For example, lease rates, labour costs are low if compared to other places in Malaysia. There are many suppliers in this place who supply different types of mahogany hardwood for us to compose mahogany tables. This close proximity of our suppliers packion lower transportation and cargo ships costs.3.0 COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGEOur competitive advantages include our unique furniture design and quality, a competitive pricing strategy, a strategic location close to suppliers and already existence of the company in the UK.TIME FACTORThe condemnation is most important factor in any business nowadays because of our main U.K Office whom reaches the customer first for product market and getting the order and Our Malaysia Manufacture unit whom meets the customer orders most quickly.HIGH gaugeWe are apply the Mahogany wood only for providing the quality dinin g table for long-term success of our business. The close proximity of our wood suppliers excessively gives us better control on getting the best quality of Mahogany.COST BENEFITThe mass production of dining tables gives us high economies of scale which makes us more cost efficient and low labour cost.FLEXIBILITYOur flexible manufacturing system to offering tailord greater variety of products besides standardised products which enables us to cost effectively and the increased productivity which result to generate high revenue.PRODUCT AND MARKET KNOWLEDGEWe get under ones skin been in furniture business since many years and we know better about the style and demand of EU Customers and other processes of furniture manufacturing. Now to move in Malaysia Furniture market is another forward step and edge.4.0 recruitment AND facultyINGWe will recruit both midlandly and externally for the Malaysia manufacturing unit. . We deem obdurate to select top commission from the existing st aff so as to maintain the strong element of the companys culture. We will first send internal emails to all members of staff with details of gettable positions and number of spaces available, highlighting the benefits of works in Malaysia much(prenominal) as lower tax deductions from pay, less pricy cost of living compared to UK and a stable political economy. The whole management team at manufacturing unit is approved by the UK Office and rest of the staff like Line Managers, supervisors other labour staff will be recruited topical anaestheticly.High skilled staff is essential for quality potency at offshore manufacturing unit. With regard to product quality in manufacturing process, seaward managers as well as local staff will be employed at merit. This method of staffing is beneficial in the sense that local staff has an understanding of the local place, people and how the system works well. Primarily, most production workers like crafter, operators/ manipulators will be re cruited locally to yet cost while those from the home company staff peg down the company standards and those work closely the work can be done more efficiently. Furthermore, main U.K company staff can support the development of local staff so that the reliance on parent staff can be gradually reduced. This can in turn help the company in cutting down costs in the long run. However upon enhancing their abilities and passing play the quality audit, local staff will be delegated greater responsibilities and the background of their work expanded.4.1 MANAGEMENT STAFFIt includes the Production manager, operations manager, Marketing Managers, finance Manager, engineers etc. They will control their departments and give updates to main U.K office.4.2 LOCAL STAFFThe production force can be classified as forestry engineers and able for work in furniture production. The qualified labour force includeswood converters ( in the first place carpenters and tuners )Manipulators/operators of th e machine4.3 EDUCATIONAL REQUIREMENTSThe comeing is educational requirement for our selection and recruitment We prefer to hire production workers who have a token(prenominal) high school / vocational school education.For managerial position a minimum college education and some specific knowledge about furniture is call fored.4.4 EXPERIENCE CRITERIAWe prefer our plant workers to be highly skilled craftsman with extensive experience in wooden furniture manufacturing.4.5 TRAININGWe will find out our staffs undergo unconstipated trainings in their fields to make sure we deliver best quality products and to increase the voltage of the staff and organize the human capital of the company.4.6 WORKING ENVIRONMENTWe believe that we all are one family. We offer a flexible benefits programme, training and development programmes, discounts on products and services and participation in Company share scheme offers. The company has a proposal of implementing a procedure (whistle blowing pol icy) for employees to report any concerns confidentially.Workers need both manual dexterity and mechanical ability for many jobs .working conditions diversify from job to job. Usually numbers of working hours in a week is forty but this may vary and there may be layoffs during slack periods. In addition to providing core remuneration benefits (including annual motivator schemes), holidays, sick pay, life assurance and pension provision.5.0 MANUFACTURING sue/CORE PROCESSWe are only going to Malaysia for cost efficient and better production process and our product quality and customer satisfaction depends on our manufacturing ability.5.1 introductory EQUIPMENTSBasic and main Equipments in the plant includes a spindle shaper, table saw, wide belt, Sander, dust ingathering system, sprayer for close, hand tools and work benches.5.2 dine TABLE MANUFACTURING STEPSThe following is the manufacturing steps to make the dining table from Mahogany woodSTRUCTURING AND DESIGNING MAHOGANY WO OD TABLE offshoot Special computer programmes to optimize the layouts for each dining table. This provides the maximum end product of the material which lowers the cost of the dining table. Our furniture designers create specific designs of furniture. The designers make sketches and diagrams of their ideas. Drafters prepare blueprints of the designers plans. Highly skilled model makers build a temporary hookup of the furniture by working on the blueprints.Managers and engineers check the design and quality and then approve it for the mass production of that piece of furniture.SIZING THE moveIndividual parts are cut from the mahogany wood victimization a panel saw, crosscut saw, planers and carefully labelled.MOULDING AND SHAPING THE part WITH MACHINEWe machine properly each part and use only the highest standard for machining the wood.SURFACE FINISHING FOR complete FLAT WITH LAND SANDINGThe surfaces of the table are sanded onward assembling the parts. assemble / JOINING PARTS The components of the dining table are assembled. The face frame and mouldings are applied eventually.PERFORM FINISH SANDINGThe final examination finish sanding will be done for twinkling and better quality.CHECK DINING TABLE AND COMPONENTS FOR QUALITYThe integrity of the dining table is verified and the finish sanding is also carefully inspected.FINAL ASSEMBLING OF THE TABLEAll other accessories are installed e.g. Metal legs, LocksRUB bug out THE TABLEFinished piece is rubbed out to bring the piece to its final showcase condition before being delivered.(PACKING) WRAP AND DELIVERThe dining table is carefully wrapped in preparation for deli genuinely. Careful negligee delivers the product without any damage to the destination point.CUSTOMIZATIONWe know the importance of customization because it gives more help to capture the market and generate the profit than as usual.The products which are construct at our unit are available in a variety of resilient finishes and colours so tha t customers have the flexibility to customize the furniture to their individual tastes and order through any of our distribution channels. This added instalment in long-term will give us a better customer retention rate.5.3 COMPREHENSIVE SUMMARY OF CORE PROCESSWe will receive the mahogany wood (after warping drying) from suppliers, the machine operators using their machinery like crosscut saws, planers, ripsaws etc cut the mahogany into different sizes and shapes as advised by the designers/engineers and the cut pieces are sent to the next department by transporter belts or mill trucks. Machine operators then shape the wood into legs and top part of the dining table. Drill holes are used to make grooves in the wood. Stock handlers take the shaped wood pieces to the sanding department, where the workers smooth the surfaces. The sanded wood pieces are put together by workers in accumulation and sub assembly departments. The surface is later smoothed down by hand sanders. ultimate ly the furniture is send to the finishing department where finishers apply various finishing coats to color and seal it.Sometimes when there is a customized order the finishing is done by using special techniques such as distressing, which means processing furniture to make it look old and worn. The finished tables are then wrapped and send to the export target market to the distribution channels via shipping for sale.6.0 QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENTThe main objective of our company is to give tell to our consumers of a perfect product and train of quality, which fulfils with strict requirements for material and workmanship.We will measure quality at all(prenominal) step including staff recruitment, marketing, purchasing, inventory management and site location. It is crucial to disclose the typical quality issues related to quality of mahogany hardwood etc. half-dozen Sigma Improvement model is a comprehensive and flexible system for achieving and increase business succ ess by minimizing defects and variability in processes. We will define the characteristics of processs output that are critical, getting picture of the current process by documenting it using flow charts and process charts and identify data sources and preparing data collection plan. Using data on measures to perform process analysis, applying tools such as Pareto charts, scatter diagrams, cause and effect diagrams and the statistical process control (SPC) tools. change existing methods to meet the new performance objectives and implementing changes. Controlling and observe the process to make sure that high performance aims are maintained.All the products manufactured go through the above process and any defects identified are rectified and are dealt immediately to deliver the best mahogany tables. We ensure that the requirements for materials and workmanship are observed partly by unannounced visits to factory and partly by testing of randomly choose furniture.Quality control l abel of KHAN furniture will be a guarantee for the consumer and an assurance that the furniture will be able to live up to all rational expectations.We will obtain a certificate from the standards and industrial research institute of Malaysia- SIRIM which is the body accredited by the Malaysian governing for the development of the activities of standardisation and certification.7.0 SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENTMy teacher Alan Parkinson evermore said supply twine is very important for your Manufacturing Unit bulge so I make the given below picture only for his satisfaction.RAW secular (MAHOGANY)Mahogany is a very large cover tree, sometimes reaching over 150 feet in height, with trunks sometimes more than 6 feet in diameter above a large basal buttress. Mahogany is a generally open-crowned tree, with gray to brownish-red fissured bark.Mahogany is perhaps the most valuable timber tree varies from yellowish, reddish, pinkish, or pinkish-orange coloured when freshly cut, to a deep ric h red, to reddish brown as the wood matures with age. It is fine to medium texture, with uniform to interlocking grain, ranging direct to wavy or curly.SUPPLIERFair and effective Working with suppliers adds epoch-making value to the products of the firm. We will buy the Mahogany from one Supplier so we get good quality wood but we also consider some other suppliers to avoid any shortage of supply.INBOUND logisticalMalaysia has about 64,328 km road network which consist of main roadstead and highways. 90% of the goods and passengers traffic use this mode of transport in Malaysia and Malaysia has also good rail net work of more than 2,000 km and urban train project is under development with full speed. We will try to make arrangement with supplier to deliver the raw materials at the manufacturing unit. storage warehouse FOR RAWMATERIALTo avoid any shortages or to meet any last sensitive orders we need a massive warehouse which is located within the manufacturing unit. drudgery PRO CESSProduction process has been explained above in detail.WAREHOUSE FOR undone DINING TABLEIt is important to redeem the finished dining tables in stock carefully and send them when required by the distribution networks. To save the transport cost we have to careful about the weight of shipping container so we keep the stock till the required container weight.OUTBOUND logisticalThe strong growth in exports implied the increase of the harbour capacities. The main ports of Malaysia are Kelang, Penang and Johor. Our furniture is moved from Malaysia to Europe in containers by Shipping from Johor fashion because it is the most cheap transport system for the furniture export and also environmental friendly.TOTAL DELIVERY TIMEWe are going to provide the furniture to whole Europe Union so the company has chosen Rotterdam port (the largest port in Europe) which is in Netherlands as the delivery point for finished goods in Europe. Rotterdam being the largest harbour in Europe and which is very near to our target markets gives us synergy and reduces transportation costs.The processing time for 20 ft container order is 6 weeks and 40 ft container is 8 weeks. For 20 ft container the space available is 30 Cubic one thousand/ CBM, 40ft is 60 CBM and 40ft HC is 75 CBM. The total items that can fill into the container depend on the size of Dining table.The Finished goods are then delivered to the distribution networks through roadways, airways and railways end-to-end Europe. 7.1 INVENTORY MANAGEMENT ISSUESExcessive inventory or lack of inventory control can lead to wasted materials, either by using more than needed or purchasing materials deteriorate before useOur Purchase Manager will work closely with suppliers to provide just in time material delivery so that optimum raw material can be ordered.We will use a multipurpose solvent which can reduce our costs of managing wasted and speed recycling.We try to make arrangements with supplier to return unused materials.8.0 C USTOMER ISSUESFor advancement of our quality and the success of our company depends on the satisfaction of our customer.8.1 CUSTOMER family AND FEEDBACKWe undertake regular consumer surveys, which include questions about ethics and respond to the results of these surveys when growing our products. We also obtain feedback from staff serving customers in our stores of their perception of issues that mainly affect customer satisfaction and build this feedback into our plans.8.2 AFTER SALES serve wellThe complaints of the customer are handled centrally and we are proud of the process we have established. All the complaint investigations will be started within 24 hours of recognize and we attempt to resolve each one to the satisfaction of our customers. Our policy is to communicate with our customers in most of the languages spoken in Europe. All complaints are record to undertake a detailed analysis, monitor trends and identify key issues to improve our performance. We repair or r eplace any item if there is a justified compliant.9.0 MARKETING STRATEGYOur target market is EU which consists of 27 countries France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Romania, Bulgaria, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Portugal, Belgium, Cyprus, Finland, United Kingdom, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Spain, Sweden, Austria, Denmark, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Slovenia and Slovak Republic.European Union is big market for furniture and demand of Malaysia furniture is increasing with time so market strategy is main point of our success. Last year, according to Malaysian furniture export statistics report, it exported 12.6% to Europe of its total exports.The companys marketing strategy is based mainly on making the right information available to the right target customer. The marketing conveys the sense of quality in every picture, every publication, and every promotion. We gear afford to appear in second-rate catalogues with poor illustrations that make the product look less attrac tive than it is actually. We also need to leverage our products using specialty distributors and high-quality catalogues. This catalogue will be developed on each product line that will be distributed to interested consumers through all our distribution channels. The wood finish samples show customers the actual finishes and stains available with our product lines. Our dining tables are priced competitively and take into account production costs, competitive pricing strategies and consumer price sensitivity.9.1 CHANNELS OF DISTRIBUTIONPublished research indicates that 51% of the total gross revenue volume in the market goes through the sell channel, most of those major national chains. Another 23% goes through the direct sales channel, although in this case direct sales include sales by distributors who are buying from multiple manufacturers. Most of the remainder, 18%, is exchange directly to buyers by catalogues. KHAN furniture has chosen four channels for selling its products i n Europe to gain maximum market and be the leading provider of the dining tables in the next ten yearsThese are our distribution channels which will help us to sale our dining table in EU at every level sell OutletsDirect salesFranchisesCorporate sales10.0 SUPPORTING FUNCTIONSThe following three functions are the supporting functions of our manufacturing unit10.1 PURCHASING THE RAW MATERIALAll the purchases made by the company are done more or less which means we treat our suppliers fairly by paying a reasonable price for their products. The purchase manager employed at the manufacturing unit has a wide experience in purchasing and also a good negotiator. The purchase manager is also trained in other areas such as supplier support that give him a powerful keenness into the cost drivers in the price equation. However his brief is not to focalization exclusively on price but on the future potential of supply relationships and generation of capacity. If price is a problem he will wo rk to reduce the cost rather than looking for a different supplier.10.2 FINANCEThe projected cash flow statement and other financial statements shows that the company has sound liquidity which means that the company has got enough available funds to invest in the new manufacturing unit in Malaysia. It appears that company had a very successful year.10.3 INFORMATION SYSTEMSThe companys sophisticated information technology (IT) software enables collaborative planning and scheduling. The technology allows synchronized supply chain execution and design collaboration, which enables our company to respond better and faster to changing market needs and tastes. A update IT system will help helps us to sale the dining table directly on website and keep in touch with customer.11.0 ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUE MANAGEMENTWe will follow standards according to the ISO 14001 which is about implementing, maintaining and improving the environmental management system.Our company will demonstrate its commitme nt to sustainability through initiatives focused around resource saving and responsibility. We will optimally take advantage of the triple-bottom line approach of sustainability which incorporates economic, kindly and environmental components of responsibility. We ensure ethical, accessible and environmental standards are maintained throughout the supply chain by auditing and visiting of our suppliers on a regular basis. Our main concern is manufacturing of furniture (dining table) but our audits also review ethics, health and safety, employee pay, employment conditions, use of child labour and environmental policies and practices. The main equal on the environment is waste management and energy use and our priorities lie in improving our environmental performance in these areas. Our usage of wood, electrical energy and cardboard is regularly monitored, as is our waste recycling and landfill performance. Sub meters for all utilities are installed throughout our manufacturing uni t which will further improve our monitoring and aid us to target specific areas for improvements. Cardboard generated in our Retail outlets is returned to our warehouse site at Rotterdam in the returning empty lorries. We abet staff to recycle general office consumables including paper and printer toners. before long ocean transport has a growing demand because it is considered as the most environment-friendly way of moving goods around the world .As a company we are dedicated to reduce the impact on environment caused by our business so we choose ocean transport to export our goods to Europe (target export market).12.0 CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITYKHAN Furniture Company is affiliated to the welfare of our colleagues, customers, suppliers and the communities in which we operate. The company has a firm commitment to social policies, not just for the company employees but also the supplier have to conform IWAY and they are audits to ensure that they comply with IWAY. IWAY provisi ons include commitments to high standards of health and safety, employee working condition such as access to rest areas and toilets, working hours and a minimum wage or basic salary. Employees and their families have access to confidential counselling and legal assistance helpline which operates 24 hours, 7days a week.13.0 CONCLUSIONThis Malaysia Manufacturing Unit Project is very suitable and important to give the company vision of leading provider of quality dining tables with aim of profitability.All these factors and innovative operational strategies such as the JIT paradigm and the add together Quality Management (TQM) view of design and production, Production efficiency, well-planned cost structures, docile size, attention to underserved markets, lower overall labour costs prove that the project is viable and the long term vision of the company can be achieved.14.0 REFERENCEScholes , k ., 2008. Exploring corporate strategy .8th ed. ch 5.pp 177-212.FT prentice hall.Bryde, D. J., 2003. Modelling project management performance. Internatio